Variables | KDHS 1998 | KDHS 2003 | KDHS 2008–2009 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | OR | 95% CI | Significance (p value) | β | OR | 95% CI | Significance (p value) | β | OR | 95% CI | Significance (p value) | |
Residence | 0.083 | 0.871 | 0.120 | |||||||||
Urban (reference) | ||||||||||||
Rural | 0.390 | 1.48 | 0.95 to 2.30 | 0.035 | 1.04 | 0.68 to 1.58 | −0.430 | 0.65 | 0.38 to 1.12 | |||
Province | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||
Eastern (reference) | ||||||||||||
Nyanza | 0.914 | 2.50 | 1.60 to 3.90 | 0.522 | 1.69 | 1.04 to 2.75 | 0.316 | 1.37 | 0.81 to 2.31 | |||
Western | 0.983 | 2.67 | 1.61 to 4.43 | 1.593 | 4.92 | 3.01 to 8.04 | 1.803 | 6.07 | 3.54 to 10.39 | |||
Central | −0.277 | 0.76 | 0.44 to 1.30 | −0.049 | 0.95 | 0.61 to 1.48 | 1.036 | 2.82 | 1.61 to 4.92 | |||
Rift Valley | −0.167 | 0.85 | 0.54 to 1.33 | 0.003 | 1.00 | 0.66 to 1.53 | 0.399 | 1.49 | 0.79 to 2.81 | |||
Nairobi | 0.702 | 2.02 | 0.98 to 4.14 | 0.169 | 1.18 | 0.63 to 2.23 | 0.292 | 1.34 | 0.64 to 2.80 | |||
Coast | 0.800 | 2.23 | 1.31 to 3.79 | 2.031 | 7.62 | 3.90 to 14.90 | 1.519 | 4.57 | 2.30 to 9.05 | |||
Wealth Index | 0.200 | 0.907 | 0.907 | |||||||||
Richest (reference) | ||||||||||||
Richer | −0.155 | 0.86 | 0.53 to 1.37 | −0.135 | 0.87 | 0.57 to 1.34 | −0.146 | 0.87 | 0.50 to 1.50 | |||
Middle | −0.134 | 0.88 | 0.54 to 1.43 | −0.201 | 0.82 | 0.51 to 1.31 | 0.003 | 1.00 | 0.53 to 1.91 | |||
Poorer | 0.222 | 1.25 | 0.74 to 2.10 | −0.209 | 0.81 | 0.51 to 1.30 | −0.110 | 0.90 | 0.47 to 1.70 | |||
Poorest | 0.104 | 1.11 | 0.65 to 1.90 | −0.110 | 0.90 | 0.54 to 1.48 | 0.011 | 1.01 | 0.53 to 1.95 | |||
Maternal education | 0.163 | 0.024 | 0.003 | |||||||||
Secondary+ (reference) | ||||||||||||
Incomplete secondary | 0.625 | 1.87 | 1.10 to 3.17 | 0.481 | 1.62 | 0.97 to 2.69 | 0.243 | 1.28 | 0.70 to 2.33 | |||
Complete primary | 0.359 | 1.43 | 0.92 to 2.23 | 0.377 | 1.46 | 0.96 to 2.22 | 0.353 | 1.42 | 0.87 to 2.33 | |||
Incomplete primary | 0.449 | 1.57 | 1.00 to 2.45 | 0.626 | 1.87 | 1.19 to 2.95 | 0.838 | 2.31 | 1.43 to 3.75 | |||
No education | 0.604 | 1.83 | 0.94 to 3.56 | 0.144 | 1.16 | 0.56 to 2.41 | 0.531 | 1.70 | 0.77 to 3.75 | |||
Maternal literacy | 0.117 | 0.937 | 0.031 | |||||||||
Reads easily (reference) | ||||||||||||
Reads with difficulty | −0.236 | 0.79 | 0.59 to 1.06 | −0.053 | 0.95 | 0.62 to 1.46 | −0.418 | 0.66 | 0.42 to 1.04 | |||
Cannot read | −0.473 | 0.62 | 0.37 to 1.06 | −0.071 | 0.93 | 0.61 to 1.43 | 0.259 | 1.30 | 0.82 to 2.06 | |||
Maternal occupation | 0.609 | 0.769 | 0.103 | |||||||||
White collar (reference) | ||||||||||||
Blue collar | 0.126 | 1.13 | 0.80 to 1.61 | 0.083 | 1.09 | 0.79 to 1.50 | 0.384 | 1.47 | 0.98 to 2.20 | |||
Not working | 0.158 | 1.17 | 0.86 to 1.60 | 0.121 | 1.13 | 0.81 to 1.57 | 0.453 | 1.57 | 1.03 to 2.42 | |||
Mother reads newspaper | 0.238 | 0.065 | 0.053 | |||||||||
Yes (reference) | ||||||||||||
No | −0.167 | 0.85 | 0.64 to 1.12 | −0.255 | 0.78 | 0.59 to 1.02 | −0.325 | 0.72 | 0.52 to 1.00 | |||
Mother watches TV | 0.211 | 0.289 | 0.287 | |||||||||
Yes (reference) | ||||||||||||
No | −0.232 | 0.79 | 0.55 to 1.14 | −0.141 | 0.87 | 0.67 to 1.13 | −0.189 | 0.83 | 0.58 to 1.17 | |||
Mother listens to radio | 0.106 | 0.195 | 0.041 | |||||||||
Yes (reference) | ||||||||||||
No | 0.181 | 1.20 | 0.96 to 1.49 | −0.217 | 0.81 | 0.58 to 1.12 | −0.421 | 0.66 | 0.44 to 0.98 | |||
Sex | 0.964 | 0.015 | 0.513 | |||||||||
Girls (reference) | ||||||||||||
Boys | −0.005 | 1.00 | 0.81 to 1.23 | 0.225 | 1.25 | 1.05 to 1.50 | −0.079 | 0.92 | 0.73 to 1.17 | |||
Child's size at birth | 0.036 | 0.091 | 0.014 | |||||||||
Large (reference) | ||||||||||||
Average | −0.041 | 0.96 | 0.73 to 1.26 | −0.265 | 0.77 | 0.59 to 1.00 | −0.285 | 0.75 | 0.57 to 1.00 | |||
Small | 0.381 | 1.46 | 1.02 to 2.10 | −0.035 | 0.97 | 0.70 to 1.33 | 0.193 | 1.21 | 0.82 to 1.79 | |||
Mode of birth | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||
Vaginal (reference) | ||||||||||||
Caesarean section | 0.968 | 2.63 | 1.72 to 4.04 | 1.212 | 3.36 | 1.83 to 6.16 | 1.255 | 3.51 | 2.17 to 5.69 | |||
Place of birth | 0.013 | 0.193 | 0.001 | |||||||||
Health facility (reference) | ||||||||||||
Home | 0.341 | 1.41 | 1.08 to 1.84 | 0.187 | 1.21 | 0.91 to 1.60 | 0.492 | 1.64 | 1.21 to 2.21 | |||
Child’s age (months) | −0.008 | 0.99 | 0.98 to 1.01 | 0.340 | −0.004 | 1.00 | 0.98 to 1.01 | 0.573 | −0.007 | 0.99 | 0.98 to 1.01 | 0.370 |
No of children aged <5 years | −0.150 | 0.86 | 0.76 to 0.97 | 0.016 | −0.013 | 0.99 | 0.87 to 1.12 | 0.844 | 0.018 | 1.02 | 0.88 to 1.18 | 0.812 |
Maternal age (years) | −0.016 | 0.98 | 0.96 to 1.01 | 0.294 | 0.004 | 1.00 | 0.97 to 1.04 | 0.787 | −0.002 | 1.00 | 0.96 to 1.04 | 0.921 |
Parity | 0.040 | 1.04 | 0.95 to 1.14 | 0.375 | −0.016 | 0.98 | 0.89 to 1.09 | 0.749 | −0.093 | 0.91 | 0.80 to 1.04 | 0.172 |
r2=0.096 | r2=0.125 | r2=0.144 |
EarlyBF, early initiation of breastfeeding; KDHS, Kenya Demographic and Health Survey; r2, Cox and Snell pseudo r2; Secondary+, complete secondary and/or higher education; TV, television.