Table 4

Adjusted logistic regression models with context, resource and other care determinants as predictors of EarlyBF

Variables	KDHS 1998				KDHS 2003				KDHS 2008–2009
Variables	β	OR	95% CI	Significance (p value)	β	OR	95% CI	Significance (p value)	β	OR	95% CI	Significance (p value)
Residence				0.083				0.871				0.120
Urban (reference)
Rural	0.390	1.48	0.95 to 2.30		0.035	1.04	0.68 to 1.58		−0.430	0.65	0.38 to 1.12
Province				0.000				0.000				0.000
Eastern (reference)
Nyanza	0.914	2.50	1.60 to 3.90		0.522	1.69	1.04 to 2.75		0.316	1.37	0.81 to 2.31
Western	0.983	2.67	1.61 to 4.43		1.593	4.92	3.01 to 8.04		1.803	6.07	3.54 to 10.39
Central	−0.277	0.76	0.44 to 1.30		−0.049	0.95	0.61 to 1.48		1.036	2.82	1.61 to 4.92
Rift Valley	−0.167	0.85	0.54 to 1.33		0.003	1.00	0.66 to 1.53		0.399	1.49	0.79 to 2.81
Nairobi	0.702	2.02	0.98 to 4.14		0.169	1.18	0.63 to 2.23		0.292	1.34	0.64 to 2.80
Coast	0.800	2.23	1.31 to 3.79		2.031	7.62	3.90 to 14.90		1.519	4.57	2.30 to 9.05
Wealth Index				0.200				0.907				0.907
Richest (reference)
Richer	−0.155	0.86	0.53 to 1.37		−0.135	0.87	0.57 to 1.34		−0.146	0.87	0.50 to 1.50
Middle	−0.134	0.88	0.54 to 1.43		−0.201	0.82	0.51 to 1.31		0.003	1.00	0.53 to 1.91
Poorer	0.222	1.25	0.74 to 2.10		−0.209	0.81	0.51 to 1.30		−0.110	0.90	0.47 to 1.70
Poorest	0.104	1.11	0.65 to 1.90		−0.110	0.90	0.54 to 1.48		0.011	1.01	0.53 to 1.95
Maternal education				0.163				0.024				0.003
Secondary+ (reference)
Incomplete secondary	0.625	1.87	1.10 to 3.17		0.481	1.62	0.97 to 2.69		0.243	1.28	0.70 to 2.33
Complete primary	0.359	1.43	0.92 to 2.23		0.377	1.46	0.96 to 2.22		0.353	1.42	0.87 to 2.33
Incomplete primary	0.449	1.57	1.00 to 2.45		0.626	1.87	1.19 to 2.95		0.838	2.31	1.43 to 3.75
No education	0.604	1.83	0.94 to 3.56		0.144	1.16	0.56 to 2.41		0.531	1.70	0.77 to 3.75
Maternal literacy				0.117				0.937				0.031
Reads easily (reference)
Reads with difficulty	−0.236	0.79	0.59 to 1.06		−0.053	0.95	0.62 to 1.46		−0.418	0.66	0.42 to 1.04
Cannot read	−0.473	0.62	0.37 to 1.06		−0.071	0.93	0.61 to 1.43		0.259	1.30	0.82 to 2.06
Maternal occupation				0.609				0.769				0.103
White collar (reference)
Blue collar	0.126	1.13	0.80 to 1.61		0.083	1.09	0.79 to 1.50		0.384	1.47	0.98 to 2.20
Not working	0.158	1.17	0.86 to 1.60		0.121	1.13	0.81 to 1.57		0.453	1.57	1.03 to 2.42
Mother reads newspaper				0.238				0.065				0.053
Yes (reference)
No	−0.167	0.85	0.64 to 1.12		−0.255	0.78	0.59 to 1.02		−0.325	0.72	0.52 to 1.00
Mother watches TV				0.211				0.289				0.287
Yes (reference)
No	−0.232	0.79	0.55 to 1.14		−0.141	0.87	0.67 to 1.13		−0.189	0.83	0.58 to 1.17
Mother listens to radio				0.106				0.195				0.041
Yes (reference)
No	0.181	1.20	0.96 to 1.49		−0.217	0.81	0.58 to 1.12		−0.421	0.66	0.44 to 0.98
Sex				0.964				0.015				0.513
Girls (reference)
Boys	−0.005	1.00	0.81 to 1.23		0.225	1.25	1.05 to 1.50		−0.079	0.92	0.73 to 1.17
Child's size at birth				0.036				0.091				0.014
Large (reference)
Average	−0.041	0.96	0.73 to 1.26		−0.265	0.77	0.59 to 1.00		−0.285	0.75	0.57 to 1.00
Small	0.381	1.46	1.02 to 2.10		−0.035	0.97	0.70 to 1.33		0.193	1.21	0.82 to 1.79
Mode of birth				0.000				0.000				0.000
Vaginal (reference)
Caesarean section	0.968	2.63	1.72 to 4.04		1.212	3.36	1.83 to 6.16		1.255	3.51	2.17 to 5.69
Place of birth				0.013				0.193				0.001
Health facility (reference)
Home	0.341	1.41	1.08 to 1.84		0.187	1.21	0.91 to 1.60		0.492	1.64	1.21 to 2.21
Child’s age (months)	−0.008	0.99	0.98 to 1.01	0.340	−0.004	1.00	0.98 to 1.01	0.573	−0.007	0.99	0.98 to 1.01	0.370
No of children aged <5 years	−0.150	0.86	0.76 to 0.97	0.016	−0.013	0.99	0.87 to 1.12	0.844	0.018	1.02	0.88 to 1.18	0.812
Maternal age (years)	−0.016	0.98	0.96 to 1.01	0.294	0.004	1.00	0.97 to 1.04	0.787	−0.002	1.00	0.96 to 1.04	0.921
Parity	0.040	1.04	0.95 to 1.14	0.375	−0.016	0.98	0.89 to 1.09	0.749	−0.093	0.91	0.80 to 1.04	0.172
	r²=0.096				r²=0.125				r²=0.144

EarlyBF, early initiation of breastfeeding; KDHS, Kenya Demographic and Health Survey; r², Cox and Snell pseudo r²; Secondary+, complete secondary and/or higher education; TV, television.