Table 3

Associations between macronutrients and metabolic outcomes in men (n=148) and women (n=75) who provided physical activity data

MacronutrientMetabolic outcomesRegression coefficient, β (95% CI)p value
Change to % energy from total carbohydratesMenHbA1c % (mmol/L)−0.003 (−0.006 to −0.001)
(−0.005 (−0.009 to −0.001))
0.009
Change to fibre (NSP) intake (g)AllTotal cholesterol−0.023 (−0.044 to −0.002)0.033
MenTotal cholesterol−0.025 (−0.047 to −0.003)0.023
Change to % energy from total fatAllLDL cholesterol0.018 (0.003 to 0.032)0.016
MenLDL cholesterol0.024 (0.006 to 0.042)0.011
Change to % energy from trans fatAllWaist circumference0.014 (0.003 to 0.024)0.011
WomenWaist circumference0.029 (0.006 to 0.052)0.015
Total cholesterol0.399 (0.028 to 0.770)0.036
LDL cholesterol0.365 (0.042 to 0.688)0.028
Change to % energy from monounsaturated fatsAllLDL cholesterol0.036 (0.006 to 0.065)0.018
Change to % energy from alcoholAllDiastolic blood pressure0.217 (0.020 to 0.414)0.031
MenDiastolic blood pressure0.276 (0.055 to 0.497)0.015
  • All models are adjusted for change in energy intake, outcome at baseline, age, BMI, time since diagnosis, relevant hypoglycaemic mediation (metformin, sulfonylureas, glitazones), lipid lowering medication or antihypertensives, dietary supplements, mean daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.

  • For each macronutrient listed, a 1% (1 g for fibre) increase is associated with the change in outcome listed.

  • BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NSP, non-starch polysaccharide.