Associations between macronutrients and metabolic outcomes in men (n=148) and women (n=75) who provided physical activity data
| Macronutrient | Metabolic outcomes | Regression coefficient, β (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change to % energy from total carbohydrates | Men | HbA1c % (mmol/L) | −0.003 (−0.006 to −0.001) (−0.005 (−0.009 to −0.001)) | 0.009 |
| Change to fibre (NSP) intake (g) | All | Total cholesterol | −0.023 (−0.044 to −0.002) | 0.033 |
| Men | Total cholesterol | −0.025 (−0.047 to −0.003) | 0.023 | |
| Change to % energy from total fat | All | LDL cholesterol | 0.018 (0.003 to 0.032) | 0.016 |
| Men | LDL cholesterol | 0.024 (0.006 to 0.042) | 0.011 | |
| Change to % energy from trans fat | All | Waist circumference | 0.014 (0.003 to 0.024) | 0.011 |
| Women | Waist circumference | 0.029 (0.006 to 0.052) | 0.015 | |
| Total cholesterol | 0.399 (0.028 to 0.770) | 0.036 | ||
| LDL cholesterol | 0.365 (0.042 to 0.688) | 0.028 | ||
| Change to % energy from monounsaturated fats | All | LDL cholesterol | 0.036 (0.006 to 0.065) | 0.018 |
| Change to % energy from alcohol | All | Diastolic blood pressure | 0.217 (0.020 to 0.414) | 0.031 |
| Men | Diastolic blood pressure | 0.276 (0.055 to 0.497) | 0.015 | |
All models are adjusted for change in energy intake, outcome at baseline, age, BMI, time since diagnosis, relevant hypoglycaemic mediation (metformin, sulfonylureas, glitazones), lipid lowering medication or antihypertensives, dietary supplements, mean daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.
For each macronutrient listed, a 1% (1 g for fibre) increase is associated with the change in outcome listed.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NSP, non-starch polysaccharide.