Distribution of baseline characteristics of 13 864 patients with CKD in Taiwan
| Characteristics | Survivors (n, %) | Deceased (n, %) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Female | 5011 (38.7) | 326 (35.1) | 0.028 |
| Male | 7924 (61.3) | 603 (64.9) | |
| Age group (years) | |||
| <40 | 3435 (26.6) | 28 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| 40–65 | 5243 (40.5) | 197 (21.2) | |
| >65 | 4257 (32.9) | 704 (75.8) | |
| Hypertension | |||
| No | 6969 (53.9) | 225 (24.2) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 5966 (46.1) | 704 (75.8) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||
| No | 9241 (71.4) | 492 (53.0) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 3694 (28.6) | 437 (47.0) | |
| Cardiovascular disease* | |||
| No | 10 114 (78.2) | 581 (62.5) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 2821 (21.8) | 348 (37.5) | |
| Charlson comorbidity index | |||
| 0 | 3263 (25.2) | 108 (11.6) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 2798 (21.6) | 143 (15.0) | |
| ≥2 | 6874 (53.1) | 678 (73.3) | |
| Any hospitalisation before CKD† | |||
| No | 11 939 (92.3) | 719 (77.4) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 996 (7.7) | 210 (22.6) | |
| Receipt of NSAID >104 pills/year | |||
| No | 12 764 (98.7) | 904 (97.3) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 171 (1.3) | 25 (2.7) | |
| Receipt of analgesics >104 pills/year | |||
| No | 12 588 (97.3) | 883 (95.0) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 347 (2.7) | 46 (5.0) | |
| Receipt of erythropoietin | |||
| No | 12 398 (95.9) | 832 (89.6) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 537 (4.1) | 97 (10.4) | |
| Use of non-AA prescribed CHMs† | |||
| Non-use | 7343 (56.8) | 643 (69.2) | <0.001 |
| Before CKD only | 2336 (18.1) | 152 (16.4) | |
| After CKD only | 1943 (15.0) | 83 (8.9) | |
| Both before and after CKD | 1313 (10.1) | 51 (5.5) | |
*Cardiovascular diseases include congenital heart disease.
†CKD and CHMs denote (the diagnosis of) chronic kidney disease and Chinese herbal medicines respectively; Cochran-Armitage trend test p value <0.001.
AA, aristolochic acid; CHMs, Chinese herbal medicines; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.