Table 4

Multivariate analysis tobacco use and dependence

Binomial-dependent variable	Logistic regression Independent variables	Adjusted OR	(95% of CI)	p Value
Current waterpipe smoking*,†	Studying in a private university	1.50	(1.26 to 1.79)	<0.001
	Successful people smoke	1.46	(1.29 to 1.65)	<0.001
	Cool people smoke	1.25	(1.12 to 1.39)	<0.001
	Friends think it is important not to smoke	0.86	(0.78 to 0.96)	0.006
	Ever smoking cigarettes	1.80	(1.44 to 2.26)	<0.001
	Female sex vs. male	1.00	(0.83 to 1.21)	0.969
	Higher age class	1.01	(0.90 to 1.13)	0.871
Current cigarette smoking*,†	Female sex vs. male	0.24	(0.19 to 0.29)	<0.001
	Other than single marital status	2.63	(1.20 to 5.76)	0.016
	Higher age class	1.37	(1.19 to 1.57)	<0.001
	Mount Lebanon vs. Beirut	1.37	(1.03 to 1.82)	0.029
	North Lebanon vs. Beirut	1.46	(1.00 to 2.13)	0.053
	South Lebanon vs. Beirut	0.48	(0.30 to 0.78)	0.003
	Bekaa plain vs. Beirut	0.61	(0.36 to 1.02)	0.057
	Studying in a private university	1.96	(1.58 to 2.43)	<0.001
	Successful people smoke	1.75	(1.52 to 2.01)	<0.001
	My idols smoke	1.13	(0.99 to 1.30)	0.074
	Parents think it is important not to smoke	0.81	(0.70 to 0.93)	0.002
	Ever smoking waterpipes	1.56	(1.22 to 1.99)	<0.001

Continuous-dependent variable	Multiple regression Independent variables	Adjusted standardised β	Adjusted β values (95% CI)	p Value

LWDS-11 among WP smokers†,‡	Parents think it is important not to smoke	−0.124	−1.09 (−1.79 to −0.28)	0.002
	Friends think it is important not to smoke	−0.117	−0.87 (−1.46 to −0.28)	0.004
	My idols smoke	0.079	0.63 (0.06 to 1.21)	0.031
	Higher age class	0.069	0.58 (−0.01 to 1.17)	0.053
	Female sex vs. Male	−0.019	−0.23 (−1.09 to 0.64)	0.609
YACD among cigarette smokers§,†	Parents think it is important not to smoke	−0.24	−1.87 (−2.45 to −1.29)	<0.001
	My idols smoke	0.16	1.18 (0.56 to 1.80)	<0.001
	Rich people smoke	0.13	0.97 (0.37 to 1.57)	0.002
	Successful people smoke	0.08	0.56 (−0.02 to 1.14)	0.059
	Higher age class	0.07	0.58 (−0.06 to 1.21)	0.075
	Female sex vs. male	−0.06	−0.77 (−1.77 to 0.24)	0.136

*Performed on whole university students sample; conditions for sample adequacy satisfied; stepwise backward model; all other variables were not retained in the model. Gender and age class were forced in the models.
†Variables included in all models: marital status, socioeconomic classes, region of residence, private university (versus public), successful people smoke, cool people smoke, rich people smoke, my idols smoke, parents think it is important not to smoke, friends think it is important not to smoke, people of the same age think it is important not to smoke, smoking other type of tobacco. Gender and age class were forced in the models.
‡R=0.255; adjusted R²=0.065; stepwise model; Variance Inflation Factor (VIF)<2; residuals are normal; all other variables were not retained in the model. Gender and age class were forced in the models.
§R=0.426; sdjusted R²=0.175; stepwise model; VIF<2; residual are normal; all other variables were not retained in the model. Gender and age class were forced in the models.
LWDS-11, Lebanese Waterpipe Dependence Scale-11; WP, waterpipe; YACD, Young Adults Cigarette Dependence.