Probability of seeking modern care—OR based on logit specifications
| Variables | ARI/pneumonia | Diarrhoea | Malaria | Tetanus | Tuberculosis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Head sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Male | 1.81 (0.67 to 4.85) | 0.24 | 1.93 (0.58 to 6.45) | 0.29 | 1.1 (0.48 to 2.54) | 0.82 | 0.98 (0.43 to 2.24) | 0.97 | 1.3 (0.85 to 1.99) | 0.23 |
| Head age | 1 (0.97 to 1.03) | 0.95 | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.02) | 0.25 | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.05) | 0.17 | 0.98 (0.96 to 1.01) | 0.18 | 0.98 (0.97 to 1) | 0.02 |
| Head's education | ||||||||||
| No education at all | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Informal education | 0.75 (0.25 to 2.21) | 0.60 | 0.3 (0.09 to 0.97) | 0.05 | 0.38 (0.19 to 0.77) | 0.01 | 1.32 (0.51 to 3.42) | 0.57 | 1.01 (0.61 to 1.69) | 0.96 |
| Primary and higher | 0.96 (0.45 to 2.04) | 0.91 | 0.87 (0.34 to 2.24) | 0.77 | 1.99 (1 to 3.94) | 0.05 | 1.35 (0.71 to 2.56) | 0.36 | 0.62 (0.44 to 0.87) | 0.01 |
| Religion of the head | ||||||||||
| Muslim and other religions | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Orthodox Christian | 2.61 (0.91 to 7.53) | 0.08 | 1.21 (0.33 to 4.38) | 0.78 | 3.7 (1.51 to 9.05) | 0.00 | 2.19 (0.93 to 5.17) | 0.07 | 2.52 (1.58 to 4.02) | 0.00 |
| Protestant | 1.35 (0.47 to 3.93) | 0.58 | 2.34 (0.7 to 7.85) | 0.17 | 1.07 (0.38 to 2.98) | 0.90 | 1.28 (0.49 to 3.3) | 0.61 | 1.72 (1.01 to 2.94) | 0.05 |
| Household size | 1.04 (0.84 to 1.28) | 0.72 | 1.1 (0.85 to 1.43) | 0.45 | 0.9 (0.77 to 1.06) | 0.20 | 1.23 (1.02 to 1.48) | 0.03 | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.12) | 0.48 |
| HH composition | ||||||||||
| Proportion of male adults aged 16–64 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Proportion of children aged under 6 | 0.08 (0 to 1.53) | 0.09 | 0.04 (0 to 1.12) | 0.06 | 0.23 (0.02 to 2.45) | 0.22 | 0.04 (0 to 0.36) | 0.01 | 0.6 (0.18 to 1.99) | 0.41 |
| Proportion of males aged 6–15 | 0.86 (0.05 to 15.75) | 0.92 | 0.26 (0.01 to 6.38) | 0.41 | 0.41 (0.04 to 3.93) | 0.44 | 0.16 (0.02 to 1.43) | 0.10 | 1.39 (0.44 to 4.4) | 0.58 |
| Proportion of females aged 6–15 | 0.03 (0 to 0.53) | 0.02 | 1.09 (0.03 to 37.62) | 0.96 | 0.89 (0.08 to 9.73) | 0.92 | 0.45 (0.04 to 4.65) | 0.50 | 1.11 (0.34 to 3.66) | 0.87 |
| Proportion of females aged 16–64 | 1.5 (0.04 to 50.24) | 0.82 | 1.12 (0.02 to 66.43) | 0.96 | 0.11 (0.01 to 1.49) | 0.10 | 1.82 (0.12 to 28.57) | 0.67 | 0.42 (0.13 to 1.4) | 0.16 |
| Proportion of elderly aged above 64 | 0.14 (0.01 to 3.43) | 0.23 | 0.14 (0 to 4.55) | 0.27 | 0.03 (0 to 0.32) | 0.00 | 0.58 (0.05 to 6.95) | 0.67 | 0.65 (0.17 to 2.46) | 0.52 |
| HH health status | ||||||||||
| Proportion of households with good SAH | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Proportion. of household with fair and low SAH | 2.58 (0.71 to 9.33) | 0.15 | 2.17 (0.48 to 9.76) | 0.31 | 2.26 (0.8 to 6.38) | 0.12 | 2.09 (0.81 to 5.39) | 0.13 | 1.04 (0.69 to 1.57) | 0.86 |
| Consumption quintiles | ||||||||||
| Poorest quintile | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| 2nd quintile | 3.01 (0.95 to 9.58) | 0.06 | 2.93 (0.86 to 9.93) | 0.09 | 2.15 (1.02 to 4.52) | 0.04 | 1.48 (0.68 to 3.24) | 0.33 | 2.34 (1.57 to 3.47) | 0.00 |
| 3rd quintile | 1.66 (0.59 to 4.68) | 0.34 | 1.5 (0.5 to 4.51) | 0.47 | 1.85 (0.84 to 4.09) | 0.13 | 1 (0.46 to 2.18) | 0.99 | 2.27 (1.49 to 3.46) | 0.00 |
| 4th quintile | 0.84 (0.34 to 2.09) | 0.71 | 1.27 (0.4 to 4.08) | 0.68 | 3.38 (1.37 to 8.35) | 0.01 | 1.28 (0.55 to 2.97) | 0.56 | 3.63 (2.26 to 5.83) | 0.00 |
| Richest quintile | 0.8 (0.3 to 2.12) | 0.65 | 3.33 (0.78 to 14.33) | 0.11 | 2.13 (0.89 to 5.08) | 0.09 | 1 (0.42 to 2.38) | 1.00 | 2.53 (1.55 to 4.12) | 0.00 |
| Trust in modern heathcare | ||||||||||
| Disagree | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Agree | 1.3 (0.5 to 3.42) | 0.59 | 2.08 (0.71 to 6.15) | 0.18 | 3.59 (1.79 to 7.24) | 0.00 | 2.47 (1.19 to 5.15) | 0.02 | 0.45 (0.27 to 0.76) | 0.00 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 0.63 (0.18 to 2.19) | 0.47 | 0.63 (0.17 to 2.35) | 0.49 | 0.66 (0.28 to 1.55) | 0.34 | 0.37 (0.15 to 0.88) | 0.03 | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.39) | 0.00 |
| Access to public infrastructure | ||||||||||
| Water using from public sources | ||||||||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Yes | 0.92 (0.48 to 1.76) | 0.80 | 0.86 (0.39 to 1.9) | 0.70 | 1.28 (0.75 to 2.18) | 0.37 | 1.05 (0.61 to 1.8) | 0.87 | 0.97 (0.72 to 1.31) | 0.86 |
| Use electricity | ||||||||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Yes | 4.33 (0.54 to 34.81) | 0.17 | 2.22 (0.26 to 18.7) | 0.46 | 0.93 (0.32 to 2.71) | 0.90 | 1.27 (0.4 to 3.98) | 0.69 | 2.58 (1.3 to 5.11) | 0.01 |
| Access to TV signal | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| No | 1.26 (0.6 to 2.62) | 0.54 | 2.61 (1.07 to 6.35) | 0.04 | 1.16 (0.64 to 2.09) | 0.63 | 0.81 (0.44 to 1.49) | 0.50 | 0.68 (0.48 to 0.97) | 0.03 |
| Access to mobile signal | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| No | 1.03 (0.45 to 2.36) | 0.95 | 0.92 (0.34 to 2.51) | 0.87 | 1.21 (0.63 to 2.32) | 0.56 | 1.3 (0.65 to 2.6) | 0.46 | 1.02 (0.68 to 1.53) | 0.92 |
| Travel time to the nearest health post (in minutes) | 1 (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.73 | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.01) | 0.34 | 1.02 (1 to 1.03) | 0.03 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.21 | 1.01 (1 to 1.01) | 0.13 |
| Travel time to the nearest health centre (in minutes) | 1 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.47 | 1.01 (1 to 1.02) | 0.16 | 0.99 (0.99 to 1) | 0.12 | 1 (0.99 to 1) | 0.23 | 0.99 (0.99 to 1) | 0.00 |
| Travel time to the nearest public hospital (in minutes) | 0.99 (0.99 to 1) | 0.02 | 0.99 (0.99 to 1) | 0.01 | 0.99 (0.99 to 1) | 0.03 | 1 (0.99 to 1) | 0.16 | 1 (1 to 1) | 0.05 |
| Regions | ||||||||||
| SNNPR | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| Tigray | 3.6 (0.73 to 17.82) | 0.12 | 11.88 (2.17 to 64.97) | 0.00 | 1.42 (0.37 to 5.48) | 0.62 | 3.15 (0.89 to 11.16) | 0.08 | 0.7 (0.38 to 1.28) | 0.25 |
| Amhara | 4.27 (1.11 to 16.38) | 0.03 | 15.41 (3.42 to 69.52) | 0.00 | 1.55 (0.52 to 4.62) | 0.43 | 2.65 (0.94 to 7.49) | 0.07 | 4.95 (2.76 to 8.88) | 0.00 |
| Oromiya | 3.06 (0.91 to 10.33) | 0.07 | 13.16 (2.6 to 66.66) | 0.00 | 2.48 (0.79 to 7.8) | 0.12 | 5.59 (1.85 to 16.9) | 0.00 | 8.46 (4.49 to 15.95) | 0.00 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.147 | 0.21 | 0.178 | 0.156 | 0.195 | |||||
| N | 1546 | 1546 | 1546 | 1545 | 1545 | |||||
***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. Except for the estimates in the last column, the modern healthcare option includes health posts, health centers, private clinics, mission/NGO clinics, public hospitals, private hospitals and mission/NGO hospitals and other care option includes do nothing, traditional healers, religious healers and pharmacies/drug stores. In the case of tuberculosis, health posts are included as part of the other care option.
NGO, Non-Government Organization; SNNPR, Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Region.