Characteristics of subgroups among all patients with non-cardiac arrest
| Subgroup 1 (n=85) | Subgroup 2 (n=301) | Subgroup 3 (n=71) | Subgroup 4 (n=1737) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients: ▸ Witnessed OHCA by a bystander ▸ Rescue breathing ▸ With age 5–12 years | Patients: ▸ Not witnessed OHCA by a bystander ▸ Received rescue breathing | Patients: ▸ witnessed OHCA by a bystander ▸ received rescue breathing ▸ In the age of 13–17 years | Patients: ▸ Not received rescue breathing | ||
| Mean/% | Mean/% | Mean/% | Mean/% | ||
| Basic information | |||||
| Gender (male) | 64.7% | 65.8% | 64.8% | 63.9% | 0.937 |
| Age (years) | 8.56 | 11.41 | 15.56 | 12.62 | <0.001 |
| Emergency life-saving technician on ambulance ride (yes) | 95.3% | 95.7% | 91.5% | 94.5% | 0.555 |
| Medical doctor on ambulance ride (yes) | 8.2% | 5.6% | 11.3% | 5.1% | 0.092 |
| Advance medical treatment by medical doctor (yes) | 18.8% | 23.9% | 23.9% | 17.6% | 0.046 |
| Witness and bystander CPR | |||||
| Eye witness of cardiac arrest (yes) | 100.0% | 0.0% | 100.0% | 43.0% | <0.001 |
| Type of bystander (family member) | 54.1% | 0.3% | 38.0% | 10.7% | <0.001 |
| Bystander chest compression (performed) | 95.3% | 94.7% | 91.5% | 30.6% | <0.001 |
| Bystander rescue breathing (performed) | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% | <0.001 |
| Bystander AED use (performed) | 2.4% | 2.0% | 7.0% | 0.1% | <0.001 |
| Preshospital diagnosis and treatment | |||||
| Initial ECG waveform (VF or pulseless VT) | 5.9% | 3.3% | 9.9% | 2.1% | <0.001 |
| Defibrillation provided by emergency medical personnel (performed) | 10.6% | 7.0% | 12.7% | 4.8% | <0.01 |
| Advanced airway device use (performed) | 18.8% | 27.9% | 22.5% | 24.8% | 0.338 |
| Obtaining intravenous route (performed) | 7.1% | 17.6% | 16.9% | 12.3% | 0.018 |
| Epinephrine injection (performed) | 1.2% | 5.6% | 5.6% | 3.9% | 0.235 |
| Scene arrival time from emergency call (min.) | 8.01 | 8.39 | 8.38 | 7.62 | 0.022 |
| Hospital arrival time from emergency call (min.) | 32.78 | 35.71 | 37.14 | 36.28 | 0.634 |
| Outcome | |||||
| Cerebral performance category (1 or 2) | 29.4% | 13.0% | 21.1% | 3.5% | <0.001 |
AED, automated external defibrillator; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMS, emergency medical service; OHCA, out of hospital cardiac arrest.