Classification of 245 surveys of sodium intake by exposure metric reported, period of survey and national representativeness, with pairs of surveys reporting in both metrics identified
| GBD region | Surveys (n=245) | Survey characteristics (n=219 counting survey pairs as 1) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urine based | Diet based | Contributing surveys and survey pairs by metric | Period | Nationally representative | |||||
| Urine based only | Diet based only | Both (survey pairs)* | Total | 1980–1998 | 1999–2010 | ||||
| Asia, Central | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 (100%) |
| Asia, East | 11 | 15 | 8 | 12 | 3 | 23 | 21 | 2 | 3 (13%) |
| Asia Pacific high income† | 12 | 11 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 18 | 14 | 4 | 4 (22%) |
| Asia, South | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 0 (0%) |
| Asia, Southeast | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2 (40%) |
| Australasia† | 8 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 1 (11%) |
| Caribbean | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 2 (29%) |
| Europe, Central | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 3 (50%) |
| Europe, Eastern | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 (50%) |
| Europe, Western† | 51 | 31 | 46 | 27 | 4 | 77 | 45 | 32 | 27 (35%) |
| Latin America, Andean | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Latin America, Central | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 (25%) |
| Latin America, Southern | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 (50%) |
| Latin America, Tropical | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 (50%) |
| North America, High Income† | 21 | 14 | 11 | 4 | 10 | 25 | 20 | 5 | 4 (16%) |
| North Africa Middle East | 2 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 9 | 2 | 7 | 4 (44%) |
| Oceania | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 (100%) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa, East | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 (0%) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa, Central | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern | 7 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 1 (13%) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa, West | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 (0%) |
| Total | 142 | 103 | 116 | 77 | 26* | 219 | 145 | 74 | 55 (35%‡) |
*These 26 surveys with measurements in both metrics reported on all participants provided the 79 paired urine-diet datapoints that were used to estimate the relationship between the two metrics (figure 2); the diet-based datapoints from these 26 surveys were not subsequently used in the final estimation model.
†High income.
‡Unweighted mean for 19 regions with at least 1 survey.
GBD, Global Burden of Diseases; NA, not applicable.