Overview of studies included in the review
| Author and country | Demographics sample size (n) | Study design | Mode of delivery | Results | Outcomes | Theoretical framework | Database |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education | |||||||
| Allen and Stillwater,26 USA | Alaskan native N=54 Health staff N=<200 students | Before and after study | PowerPoint presentation and video focused on issues about OD and Alaskan natives | Improved knowledge and positive attitude towards donation and intention to register post test | Knowledge and intention to register as a donor | Not mentioned | Hand search of book |
| Alvaro et al,20 USA (pertains to study II reported in paper) | Hispanic | Before and after study | On alternate weeks, employees of the local organ procurement organisation offered the attendees at a flea market an immediate opportunity to register or information about organ donation | Participants offered an immediate opportunity to register rather than just information about OD were significantly more likely to register (86% vs 54%) | Verified registration | The IFF model (Immediate opportunity, information, focused engagement and favourable activation) | MEDLINE |
| Andrews et al,13 USA | African American Intervention n=622 Control n=632 | Cluster randomised | Members of the congregation undertook discussions with lay health advisors about organ donation. DVD designed to address OD barriers for African Americans | Increase in verified enrolment on donor registry in intervention group. No increase in knowledge observed | Verified enrolment on donor registry | Not mentioned | PubMed |
| A Warrens, personal communication, 2013 UK | Multiethnic N=806 | Cross-sectional evaluation | Peer educators trained to deliver health promotion about OD | Increase in the percentage of people signed up to the organ donor register | Registration | Not mentioned | Author contact |
| Callender et al,25 USA | Multiethnic N=914 | Before and after study | Presentation about organ donation delivered by transplant recipients, donors, individuals on transplant lists healthcare professionals who are ethnically similar to the target population. | Improvements in knowledge and attitudes towards OD, high reporting of willingness to discuss OD with family | Willingness to donate organs for oneself and loved ones after death No valid measures to assess attitudes to OD | Not mentioned | EMBASE |
| Thornton et al,17 USA | Multiethnic Intervention n=443 Control n=509 | Cluster randomised | 5 min Video about OD prior to collecting driver's licence. Controls obtained licence in the usual manner. | Cases more likely to register as donors compared to controls (76% vs 54%) | Verified enrolment on donor registry | Not Mentioned | EMBASE |
| Fahrenwald et al,28 USA | American Indians N=1580 | Before and after study | Out-reach coordinators facilitate delivery to small groups who were required to read and discuss a 1 page brochure. This was followed by a 13 min video and a group discussion facilitated by the coordinator | Significant change in stage of motivational readiness to become an OD postintervention | Stage of motivational readiness to serve as an organ donor | Transtheoretical model of behaviour change | PubMed |
| Resnicow et al,12 USA | African American Intervention n=1370 Control n=1419 | Cluster randomised | Hairstylists trained as lay health advisors used motivational interviewing to discuss OD with participants | Participants receiving the intervention were 4 times more likely to join the register than the controls | Self-reported donation status Verified enrolment on state registry | Not Mentioned | PubMed and EMBASE |
| Salim et al,24 USA | Hispanic N=341 | Before and after study | Presentation about the need for transplant and information about donation lead by a local organ procurement organisation | Increase in knowledge, perceptions and beliefs. No difference willingness to discuss donation with family or intent to donate | Change in knowledge and attitude Donation intent | Not mentioned | PubMed |
| Cárdenas et al,18 USA | Multiethnic Intervention n=96 Control n=91 | Cluster randomised | Transplant surgeons and young recipients gave a presentation followed by a Q&A session and a video | Knowledge increase postintervention was the strongest predictor of positive change in opinion about OD | Knowledge, attitudes and awareness of OD | None mentioned | MEDLINE |
| Feeley et al,19 USA | Multiethnic | Before and after study | Peer educators delivered a range of campus-based activities | Increased donor registration | Self-reported registration | Not mentioned | Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed |
| Arriola et al,14 USA | African American Intervention n=175 Control n=162 | Cluster randomised | Video and written materials mailed to participants | Greater readiness to sign a donor card, register through a driver's licence or talk to family about wishes in the intervention group | Readiness to express donation intent through a driver's licence, donor card and discussion with family | Transtheoretical model of behaviour change | EMBASE, PubMed and MEDLINE |
| Media | |||||||
| Alvaro et al,31 USA | Hispanic N=2401 | Before and after study | 4×30 s television 2×60 s radio ads. These highlighted positive impact of transplant on Hispanic individuals and demonstrated the substantial efforts medics undertake to save the life of a potential donor | Greater reporting of prodonation beliefs and family discussion postintervention | Self-reported registration status No validated measures of attitude and willingness to OD | Not mentioned | EMBASE and MEDLINE |
| Frates et al,29 USA | Hispanic N=4500 | Before and after study | Prime time television and radio slots | Year on year increase in Hispanic OD consent rates (overall 10% increase). Increase in knowledge/attitudes | Consent rates from organ procurement organisation No valid measures to assess attitudes to OD | Transtheoretical model | EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO |
| Salim et al,30 USA | Hispanic N=1052 | Before and after study | Prime time television and radio slots | Improved knowledge postcampaign when compared to baseline | Awareness, perception and belief about OD | Not mentioned | EMBASE and MEDLINE |
| Radosevich et al,16 USA | African American N=465 | Before and after study | Media campaign conveyed through television, radio, targeted print media. Donor families and healthcare professionals were interviewed on television and radio | Significant increase in knowledge and attitude about organ donation postcampaign No significant change in intention and willingness to become a donor | Self-reported registration Change in knowledge, attitudes and willingness to become a donor | Theory of Reasoned Action | Hand Search of Book |
| Media and education | |||||||
| Harrison et al,15 USA | African American N=626 771 | Before and after study | Billboards in the vicinity of vehicle licensing offices and radio adverts. Trained volunteers with links to donation at vehicle licensing offices to engage in conversation | Overall 700% increase above baseline in sign up to the donor register. The magnitude of the increase was greatest when one-to-one promotion was combined with other medium | Verified registration | Communication design | PubMed |
| Hebert et al,32 USA | Chinese American N=1134 | Before and after study | Media campaign Grass roots community outreach | Significant increase in stated intention to donate in the intervention area vs the control area | Joining a donor registry Express a desire to become an organ donor Communicating wishes to family | Not mentioned | Hand search of book |
OD, organ donation; Q&A, question and answer.