Adjusted OR of postpartum depression among women with singleton births from 2002 to 2010 in Finland
| Characteristics | Postpartum depression without depression before and/or during pregnancy, n=400 | Postpartum depression with depression before and/or during pregnancy, n=936 |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Maternal age, years | ||
| ≤19 | 1.88 (0.95 to 3.75) | 1.20 (0.89 to 1.62) |
| 20–29 | 1.02 (0.59 to 1.75) | 1 |
| 30–39 | 1.08 (0.63 to 1.83) | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.20) |
| ≥40 | 1 | 1.37 (1.01 to 1.88) |
| Nulliparous | 1.41 (1.13 to 1.76) | 1.33 (1.15 to 1.54) |
| Multiparous | 1 | 1 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Non-smoking | 1 | 1 |
| Quit smoking during 1st trimester | 1.34 (0.86 to 2.10) | 2.12 (1.64 to 2.70) |
| Smoking after 1st trimester | 1.43 (1.07 to 1.92) | 2.62 (2.23 to 3.08) |
| Missing information | 1.41 (0.81 to 2.46) | 1.19 (0.78 to 1.83) |
| Married/living with a partner | 1 | 1 |
| Single | 1.22 (0.87 to 1.72) | 1.93 (1.61 to 2.31) |
| Socioeconomic status | ||
| Upper white-collar worker | 1 | 1 |
| Lower white-collar worker | 1.02 (0.67 to 1.54) | 1.37 (0.97 to 1.92) |
| Blue-collar worker | 0.95 (0.59 to 1.53) | 1.63 (1.14 to 2.34) |
| Others* | 1.31 (0.86 to 2.00) | 2.01 (1.43 to 2.82) |
| Missing information | 1.38 (0.90 to 2.13) | 2.38 (1.68 to 3.35) |
| Mode of delivery | ||
| Vaginal spontaneous | 1 | 1 |
| Breech | 1.25 (0.41 to 3.92) | 0.38 (0.09 to 1.51) |
| Forceps | NA | NA |
| Vacuum assistance | 1.19 (0.82 to 1.71) | 0.99 (0.78 to 1.28) |
| Caesarean section | 1.38 (1.08 to 1.77) | 1.10 (0.93 to 1.30) |
| Prior miscarriages | 0.90 (0.69 to 1.16) | 1.11 (0.94 to 1.30) |
| Prior terminations | 1.41 (1.08 to 1.84) | 1.42 (1.21 to 1.67) |
| In vitro fertilisation | 1.40 (0.74 to 2.66) | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.49) |
| Anaemia (≤6.2 mmol/l) | 1.02 (0.48 to 2.16) | 1.66 (1.13 to 2.44) |
| Pre-eclampsia | 1.32 (0.68 to 2.56) | 0.67 (0.33 to 1.35) |
| Gestational diabetes | 1.24 (0.78 to 1.96) | 1.62 (1.23 to 2.14) |
| Maternal diabetes mellitus | 1.59 (0.97 to 2.59) | 1.03 (0.75 to 1.40) |
| Fear of childbirth | 2.71 (1.98 to 3.71) | 4.95 (4.18 to 5.87) |
| Major congenital anomaly | 1.67 (1.15 to 2.42) | 1.38 (1.06 to 1.81) |
| Admission to neonatal intensive care unit | 1.32 (0.97 to 1.78) | 1.81 (1.51 to 2.18) |
| Stillbirth | 1.70 (0.52 to 5.60) | 3.69 (1.77 to 7.69) |
| Low-birthweight (<2500 g) | 1.31 (0.80 to 2.16) | 0.93 (0.63 to 1.36) |
| Preterm birth (≤37 weeks) | 1.65 (1.08 to 2.56) | 1.01 (0.72 to 1.41) |
| Male fetal sex | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.29) | 1.05 (0.92 to 1.19) |
The reference group was women with no postpartum depression and no history of depression (n=472 183) in both analyses.
*‘Others’ comprise entrepreneurs, students, retired women, unemployed women, housewives and all unclassifiable cases.
NA, not applicable.