Delivery characteristics and reproductive risk factors among singleton births (n=511 422) in Finland from 2002 to 2010 according to postpartum depression and history of depression
| Mead (SD) or per cent | No postpartum depression, n=492 103 (96.2%) | No postpartum depression, n=17 881 (3.5%) | Postpartum depression, n=431 (0.1%) | Postpartum depression, n=1007 (0.2%) | p Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| History of depression | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
| Nulliparous | 42.0 | 45.5 | 52.2 | 49.0 | ≤0.001 |
| Multiparous | 58.0 | 54.5 | 47.8 | 51.0 | |
| Mean maternal age, years (SD) | 29.6 (5.4) | 27.8 (6.1) | 29.0 (5.9) | 28.9 (5.9) | ≤0.001 |
| Mean gestational age, weeks (SD) | 39.8 (1.8) | 39.6 (1.9) | 39.2 (2.7) | 39.5 (2.0) | ≤0.001 |
| Mode of delivery, per cent | |||||
| Vaginal spontaneous | 75.8 | 74.4 | 66.2 | 69.2 | ≤0.001 |
| Breech | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.2 | |
| Forceps | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| Vacuum assistance | 7.7 | 7.5 | 8.2 | 7.8 | |
| Caesarean section | 15.9 | 17.5 | 24.9 | 22.9 | |
| Mean birthweight, g (SD) | 3531.5 (549) | 3475.7 (551) | 3388.7 (697) | 3437.0 (599) | ≤0.001 |
| Male fetal sex, per cent | 51.2 | 50.2 | 53.1 | 51.9 | 0.06 |
| Induction percentage | 16.6 | 19.8 | 17.4 | 21.7 | ≤0.001 |
| Smoking status | ≤0.001 | ||||
| Non-smoking | 83.2 | 63.3 | 74.7 | 63.5 | |
| Quit smoking during 1st trimester | 3.7 | 7.0 | 5.1 | 7.1 | |
| Smoking after 1st trimester | 10.5 | 26.8 | 16.0 | 26.8 | |
| Missing information | 2.6 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 2.6 | |
| Married or living with a partner | 93.5 | 85.7 | 89.2 | 83.3 | ≤0.001 |
| Socioeconomic status | ≤0.001 | ||||
| Upper white-collar worker | 8.6 | 3.7 | 6.7 | 4.4 | |
| Lower white-collar worker | 34.5 | 26.0 | 29.2 | 25.6 | |
| Blue-collar worker | 14.2 | 15.8 | 13.2 | 15.4 | |
| Others† | 25.7 | 31.1 | 28.8 | 29.9 | |
| Missing information | 17.2 | 23.4 | 22.0 | 24.7 | |
| Mean prepregnancy BMI (SD)‡ | 24.2 (4.7) | 24.7 (5.3) | 24.8 (5.3) | 25.2 (5.7) | ≤0.001 |
| Prior miscarriages | 20.7 | 23.6 | 17.9 | 22.3 | ≤0.001 |
| Prior terminations | 12.2 | 22.0 | 17.2 | 21.6 | ≤0.001 |
| In vitro fertilisation | 1.6 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 0.1 | ≤0.001 |
| Anaemia (≤6.2 mmol/L) | 1.6 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 2.9 | ≤0.001 |
| Chorionic villus biopsy | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.05 |
| Amniocentesis | 2.5 | 2.3 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 0.03 |
| Placenta praevia | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.36 |
| Placental abruption | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.30 |
| Pre-eclampsia | 1.2 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 0.11 |
| Gestational diabetes | 11.2 | 13.8 | 17.4 | 17.6 | ≤0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 8.4 | 11.1 | 14.6 | 13.3 | ≤0.001 |
| Prior caesarean section | 10.6 | 10.4 | 12.3 | 11.7 | 0.35 |
| Fear of childbirth | 4.6 | 12.0 | 11.8 | 19.1 | ≤0.001 |
*χ2 or Kruskal-Wallis test.
†‘Others’ comprise entrepreneurs, students, retired women, unemployed women, housewives and all unclassifiable cases.
‡BMI gathered since 2004.
BMI, body mass index.