Prospective association over 11.5 years between cycling (total and domain specific) and mortality (all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer) in 13 346 participants
| FU years Mean (SD) | All-cause mortality | Cardiovascular mortality | Cancer mortality | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events N (%) | HR (95%CI) | Events N (%) | HR (95%CI) | Events N (%) | HR (95%CI) | |||||
| Model A† | Model B‡ | Model A† | Model B‡ | Model A† | Model B‡ | |||||
| Commuting | ||||||||||
| 0 miles/week (0 min/week) | 11.1 (2.0) | 1630 (13.1) | 1 | 1 | 474 (3.8) | 1 | 1 | 679 (5.4) | 1 | 1 |
| 0.01–9.99 miles/week (1–59 min/week) | 11.5 (1.6) | 29 (4.9) | 0.87 (0.60, 1.26) | 0.96 (0.66, 1.39) | 9 (1.5) | 1.09 (0.56, 2.13) | 1.23 (0.63, 2.40) | 16 (2.7) | 0.90 (0.55, 1.49) | 0.95 (0.57, 1.57) |
| ≥10 miles/week (≥60 min/week) | 11.5 (1.4) | 11 (4.0) | 0.80 (0.44, 1.46) | 0.91 (0.50, 1.65) | 2 (0.7) | 0.61 (0.15, 2.47) | 0.71 (0.18, 2.90) | 5 (1.8) | 0.66 (0.27, 1.59) | 0.68 (0.28, 1.66) |
| p for linear trend | 0.42 | 0.74 | 1.00 | 0.72 | 0.28 | 0.34 | ||||
| All utility | ||||||||||
| 0 miles/week 0 min/week) | 11.1 (2.0) | 1383 (13.2) | 1 | 1 | 392 (3.8) | 1 | 1 | 580 (5.5) | 1 | 1 |
| 0.01–9.99 miles/week (1–59 min/week) | 11.6 (1.8) | 233 (10.4) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.09) | 75 (3.4) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.34) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.41) | 97 (4.3) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.06) | 0.90 (0.72, 1.11) |
| ≥10 miles/week (≥60 min/week) | 11.4 (1.8) | 54 (8.4) | 1.01 (0.77, 1.33) | 1.10 (0.83, 1.44) | 18 (2.8) | 1.30 (0.81, 2.10) | 1.44 (0.89, 2.31) | 23 (3.6) | 0.89 (0.58, 1.35) | 0.92 (0.61, 1.41) |
| p for linear trend | 0.71 | 0.33 | 0.81 | 0.52 | 0.94 | 0.89 | ||||
| Recreational | ||||||||||
| 0 min/week | 11.1 (2.1) | 1483 (13.7) | 1 | 1 | 438 (4.0) | 1 | 1 | 608 (5.6) | 1 | 1 |
| 1–59 min/week | 11.4 (1.5) | 104 (5.9) | 0.81 (0.66, 0.99)* | 0.87 (0.69, 1.04) | 25 (1.4) | 0.72 (0.48, 1.09) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.13) | 56 (3.2) | 0.90 (0.68, 1.19) | 0.95 (0.71, 1.25) |
| ≥60 min/week | 11.3 (1.8) | 83 (11.1) | 1.13 (0.90, 1.41) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.55) | 22 (3.0) | 1.07 (0.69, 1.65) | 1.19 (0.77, 1.84) | 36 (4.8) | 1.06 (0.75, 1.49) | 1.12 (0.80, 1.58) |
| p for linear trend | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.48 | 0.32 | 0.46 | 0.35 | ||||
| Total cycling | ||||||||||
| 0 min/week | 11.1 (2.1) | 1308 (14.0) | 1 | 1 | 379 (4.1) | 1 | 1 | 540 (5.8) | 1 | 1 |
| 1–59 min/week | 11.5 (1.8) | 236 (8.9) | 0.87 (0.76, 1.00)* | 0.90 (0.79, 1.04) | 72 (2.7) | 0.95 (0.74, 1.23) | 0.99 (0.76, 1.23) | 105 (4.0) | 0.86 (0.70, 1.06) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.11) |
| ≥60 min/week | 11.4 (1.7) | 126 (9.2) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) | 1.11 (0.91, 1.32) | 34 (2.5) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.43) | 1.10 (0.77, 1.57) | 55 (4.0) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.22) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.30) |
| p for linear trend | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.81 | 0.51 | ||||
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001
†Adjusted for age, sex, education level and social class.
‡Further adjusted for smoking status, family history of cancer or cardiovascular disease, and all other physical activity.
FU, follow-up.