Association between maternal physical activity during pregnancy and offspring cardiovascular risk factors: using multiply imputed data (N=4665) of individuals with data for maternal physical activity (exposure) and at least one outcome
| Outcome | Change per 1 SD greater maternal metabolic equivalent physical activity (95% CIs) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Minimally adjusted | Confounder adjusted | All confounders and mediators | |
| Mean difference (in units specified in first column) per 1 SD greater maternal physical activity during pregnancy | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | −0.089 (−0.190 to 0.011) | 0.004 (−0.091 to 0.098) | 0.023 (−0.071 to 0.117) |
| Waist circumference, cm | −0.271 (−0.552 to 0.011) | −0.088 (−0.358 to 0.181) | −0.042 (−0.311 to 0.227) |
| SBP, mm Hg | −0.044 (−0.360 to 0.272) | −0.014 (−0.332 to 0.303) | 0.017 (−0.301 to 0.334) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 0.015 (−0.251 to 0.280) | 0.017 (−0.251 to 0.284) | 0.018 (−0.250 to 0.286) |
| Glucose, mmol/L | −0.013 (−0.027 to 0.001) | −0.013 (−0.027 to 0.001) | −0.012 (−0.026 to 0.001) |
| LDLc, mmol/L | −0.006 (−0.025 to 0.013) | −0.002 (−0.022 to 0.017) | −0.003 (−0.022 to 0.017) |
| HDLc, mmol/L | 0.002 (−0.008 to 0.012) | 0.000 (−0.010 to 0.010) | −0.001 (−0.011 to 0.009) |
| Percentage difference per 1 SD greater maternal physical activity during pregnancy | |||
| Insulin, percentage of difference | −1.90 (−3.50 to −0.30) | −1.20 (−2.80 to 0.40) | −1.00 (−2.60 to 0.60) |
| Triglycerides, percentage of difference | 0.00 (−1.20 to 1.30) | 0.00 (−1.30 to 1.20) | 0.00 (−1.20 to 1.40) |
Results of additional models with adjustment for mediators are in online supplementary table S4.
Minimally adjusted: Adjusted for child gender and child age at 15 year clinic.
Confounder adjusted: Adjusted for child age at 15 year clinic, child gender, maternal and family confounders (household social class, maternal education, ethnicity, parity, mother smoker, previous hypertension, maternal prepregnancy BMI (weight and height) and gestational weight gain 0–18 weeks).
All confounders and mediators: Confounder adjusted with additional adjustment for intrauterine mechanisms (hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (none, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia), diabetes/glycosuria (none, existing diabetes, gestational diabetes and glycosuria), gestational weight gain 18–24 weeks, gestational weight gain 24 weeks onwards), birth weight, gestational age and child's physical activity at age 14.
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLc, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood presure.