Population characteristics according to the functional outcome defined by mRS scores at 3–6 months after stroke
| Characteristic N (%) | mRS 0–1 (N=252) | mRS ≥2 (N=136) | Univariate analysis, p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 57.9 (10.8) | 63.8 (11.8) | <0.001 |
| Gender, female | 68 (27.0%) | 52 (38.2%) | 0.02 |
| Education, years (mean, SD) | 9.8 (4.3) | 6.3 (3.7) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | 0.039 | ||
| Chinese | 188 (74.6%) | 87 (64.0%) | |
| Malay | 40 (15.9%) | 36 (26.5%) | |
| Indian and others | 24 (9.5%) | 13 (9.6%) | |
| Stroke classification | <0.001 | ||
| SAO | 114 (45.2%) | 60 (44.1%) | |
| LAA | 29 (11.5%) | 30 (22.1%) | |
| CE | 31 (12.3%) | 25 (18.4%) | |
| UND and OC | 12 (4.8%) | 8 (5.9%) | |
| TIA | 66 (26.2%) | 13 (9.6%) | |
| NIHSS (mean, SD) | 1.46 (1.83) | 5.04 (3.68) | <0.001 |
| Premorbid mRS (median) | 0.06 (0.29) | 0.54 (1.05) | <0.001 |
| Baseline mRS (median) | 1.28 (1.20) | 3.04 (1.21) | <0.001 |
| Mean interval (days) between stroke/TIA and assessment | 2.4 (2.0) | 3.8 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Cognitive screening tests | |||
| MMSE (mean, SD) | 25.7 (3.3) | 22.6 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| MoCA (mean, SD) | 22.0 (4.8) | 18.1 (5.5) | <0.001 |
| Number of cardiovascular risk factors (median) | 2 | 3 | <0.001 |
| Recurrent vascular events (N, %) | 10 (4.0%) | 8 (6.0%) | 0.37 |
CE, cardioembolism; LAA, large artery atherosclerosis; MMSE, Mini-mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Score; OC, other determined aetiology; SAO, small artery occlusion; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; UND, undetermined aetiology.