The range of the prevalence of counterfeit and substandard medicines based on the World Bank classification of countries (by income level)
| Income level classification | Countries | Number of studies | Prevalence of substandard/counterfeit medicines |
|---|---|---|---|
| Range % (median %) | |||
| LIC | Lao PDR, Tanzania, Cambodia, Uganda | 4 | 12.2–44.5 (24) |
| LMIC | Indonesia, Nigeria, Cameroon | 4 | 18–48 (38) |
| UMIC | 0 | 0 | — |
| HIC | 0 | 0 | — |
| Mixed group | |||
| LIC | Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Zimbabwe | 7 | 11–44 (28.5) |
| LMIC | Vietnam, Thailand, Cameroon, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Armenia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan | ||
| UMIC | Gabon, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan | ||
| HIC | 0 | ||
Note: Mixed group represents the studies that have been carried out at more than one income level.
HIC, high-income countries; LIC, low-income countries; LMIC, lower middle-income countries; UMIC, upper middle-income countries.