Weight faltering in infancy and later educational outcomes
| Educational outcome | Number with outcome (N=11 534) | Weight faltering in infancy | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth to 8 weeks | 8 weeks to 9 months | Birth to 9 months | ||||||||
| Case N or median, (% or IQR) | Control N or median, (% or IQR) | Adjusted OR† (95% CI's) | Case N or median, (% or IQR) | Control N or median, (% or IQR) | Adjusted OR‡ (95% CI's) | Case N or median, (% or IQR) | Control N or median, (% or IQR) | Adjusted OR§ (95% CI's) | ||
| Key stage 1 (6–7 years) | ||||||||||
| <Level 2 in reading | 9454 | 84/434 (19%)* | 1287/9020 (14%) | 1.16 (0.81 to 1.66) | 74/384 (19%)* | 1297/9070 (14%) | 1.39 (0.98 to 1.96) | 74/417 (18%) | 1297/9037 (14%) | 1.08 (0.75 to 1.55) |
| <Level 2 in writing | 9456 | 76/433 (18%) | 1316/9023 (15%) | 0.91 (0.62 to 1.34) | 75/384 (20%)* | 1317/9072 (15%) | 1.41 (1.01 to 1.95) | 81/417 (19%)* | 1311/9039 (15%) | 1.34 (0.96 to 1.85) |
| <Level 2 in Mathematics | 9452 | 57/434 (13%) | 900/9018 (10%) | 1.10 (0.73 to 1.67) | 62/417 (15%)* | 895/9035 (10%) | 1.74 (1.21 to 2.49)** | 58/384 (15%)* | 899/9068 (10%) | 1.65 (1.15 to 2.37)** |
| KS1 summary score | 9439 | 9 (6–12)* | 10 (7–13) | 0.87 (0.70 to 1.08) | 9.5 (6.5–13) | 10 (7–12) | 0.90 (0.72 to 1.13) | 9 (6–12) | 10 (7–12) | 0.81 (0.65 to 1.01) |
| Key stage 2 (10–11 years) | ||||||||||
| <Level 4 in English | 10 081 | 111/441 (25%)* | 1784/9640 (19%) | 1.29 (0.93 to 1.79) | 90/404 (22%) | 1805/9677 (19%) | 1.19 (0.87 to 1.63) | 118/448 (26%)* | 1777/9633 (18%) | 1.49 (1.12 to 1.97)** |
| <Level 4 in Mathematics | 10 043 | 121/442 (27%)* | 2012/9601 (21%) | 1.45 (1.07 to 1.95) | 95/398 (24%) | 2038/9645 (21%) | 1.30 (0.95 to 1.80) | 124/444 (28%)* | 2009/9599 (21%) | 1.47 (1.09 to 1.97) |
| <Level 4 in Science | 10 089 | 59/444 (13%)* | 788/9645 (8%) | 1.55 (1.05 to 2.31) | 42/403 (10%) | 805/9686 (8%) | 1.15 (0.74 to 1.80) | 54/447 (12%)* | 793/9642 (8%) | 1.22 (0.77 to 1.94) |
| KS2 summary score | 9971 | 12 (11–14)* | 13 (11–14) | 0.77 (0.62 to 0.96) | 13 (11–14) | 13 (11–14) | 0.89 (0.71 to 1.10) | 12 (11–14)* | 13 (11–14) | 0.82 (0.66 to 1.01) |
| Special Educational Needs status | ||||||||||
| SEN recorded at 9 years | 9700 | 101/432 (23%)* | 1709/9268 (18%) | 1.04 (0.77 to 1.41) | 84/387 (22%) | 1726/9313 (19%) | 0.89 (0.71 to 1.10) | 102/434 (24%)* | 1708/9266 (18%) | 1.27 (0.94 to 1.71) |
| SEN recorded at 10 years | 9764 | 88/439 (20%) | 1476/9325 (16%) | 1.27 (0.94 to 1.71) | 79/389 (20%) | 1485/9375 (16%) | 1.19 (0.87 to 1.63) | 90/436 (21%)* | 1474/9328 (16%) | 1.18 (0.88 to 1.58) |
*p<0.01 on univariate analysis.
**p<0.01 on multivariate analysis.
†Adjusted for (1) age of the child at testing (not for SEN status); (2) potential confounders for educational outcomes: maternal education, paternal socioeconomic class, housing tenure, use of a car, family size, birth-weight, breastfeeding, hospital admissions over childhood and (3) potential confounders for infant growth between birth and 6–8 weeks: time between weight measurements, maternal height, maternal age, infant health before weight measurement and feeding difficulties (general and poor sucking) in the first weeks of life.
‡Adjusted for (1) age of the child at testing (not for SEN status); (2) potential confounders for educational outcomes: maternal education, paternal socioeconomic class, housing tenure, use of a car, family size, birth-weight, breastfeeding, hospital admissions over childhood and (3) Potential confounders for infant growth between 6–8 weeks and 9 months: time between weight measurements, maternal height, infant health before weight measurement and feeding difficulties (refusing non-breast milk and taking too small a quantity) in first months of life.
§Adjusted for (1) age of the child at testing (not for SEN status) (2) potential confounders for educational outcomes: maternal education, paternal socioeconomic class, housing tenure, use of a car, family size, birth-weight, breastfeeding, hospital admissions over childhood and (3) potential confounders for infant growth between birth and 9 months: time between weight measurements, maternal height, maternal body mass index and feeding difficulties (refusing non-breast milk and taking too small a quantity) in the first months of life.