Psychosocial outcomes in later childhood of weight faltering between birth to 8 weeks
| Age (years) | Psychosocial outcome | Weight faltering between birth to 8 weeks | Adjusted OR† (95% CI's) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Control | |||||||
| N | Median/proportion | IQR/% | N | Median/ proportion | IQR/% | |||
| 6 | Behavioural difficulties score/40 | 268 | 7 | 4–11 | 5874 | 7 | 4–10 | 0.87 (0.67 to 1.12) |
| 7 | Behavioural difficulties score/40 | 237 | 4 | 2–9 | 5062 | 4 | 2–9 | 0.92 (0.68 to 1.24) |
| Mental health (teacher report) | ||||||||
| Attention/activity symptoms score/38 | 239 | 3 | 1–10 | 5062 | 3 | 0–10 | 1.01 (0.75 to 1.35) | |
| Awkward/troublesome behaviour score/40 | 239 | 0 | 0–1 | 5058 | 0 | 0–2 | 0.82 (0.55 to 1.22) | |
| Mental health (parent report) | ||||||||
| General anxieties score/14 | 300 | 1 | 0–3 | 6866 | 0 | 0–2 | 1.11 (0.89 to 1.38) | |
| General anxiety symptoms score/12 | 300 | 0 | 0–2 | 6835 | 0 | 0–1 | 1.18 (0.92 to 1.51) | |
| Mood symptoms score/12 | 295 | 0 | 0–0 | 6758 | 0 | 0–0 | 1.19 (0.84 to 1.69) | |
| Attention/activity symptoms score/36 | 298 | 2 | 0–7 | 6859 | 2 | 0–7 | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.20) | |
| Awkward behaviours score/18 | 296 | 0 | 0–1 | 6820 | 0 | 0–1 | 0.84 (0.62 to 1.13) | |
| Troublesome behaviours score/14 | 299 | 0 | 0–1 | 6834 | 0 | 0–1 | 1.18 (0.88 to 1.58) | |
| Social cognition score/24 | 299 | 2 | 0–4 | 6820 | 2 | 0–4 | 0.87 (0.67 to 1.12) | |
| 8 | Attention | |||||||
| Selective attention score (range −0.4 to 46.6) | 273 | 4.9 | 4.1–6.1 | 5759 | 4.9 | 4.1–5.8 | 1.06 (0.83 to 1.35) | |
| Dividing attention score (range −1.0 to 270.9) | 242 | 2.6* | 1.0–7.4 | 5264 | 2.0 | 0.4–5.5 | 1.43 (1.13 to 1.80)** | |
| Attentional control-same worlds task (seconds) | 274 | 13.0 | 11.5–14.5 | 5779 | 12.5 | 11.0–14.5 | 0.98 (0.79 to 1.22) | |
| Attentional control-opposite worlds task (seconds) | 274 | 17.5* | 15.0–20.0 | 5775 | 16.5 | 14.5–19.5 | 1.15 (0.93 to 1.43) | |
| Friends score/15 | 267 | 3 | 2–5 | 5721 | 3 | 2–5 | 1.26 (1.01 to 1.56) | |
| Bullying status | ||||||||
| Victim of direct bullying | 366 | 102/366 | 38% | 5703 | 1989/5703 | 34% | 1.17 (0.89 to 1.53) | |
| Victim of indirect bullying | 252 | 43/252 | 17% | 5576 | 915/5576 | 16% | 0.97 (0.67 to 1.39) | |
| ≥2 anti-social activities | 269 | 20/269 | 7% | 5716 | 426/5716 | 7% | 1.08 (0.67 to 1.77) | |
| ≥7 errors on non-verbal accuracy task | 252 | 76/253* | 30% | 5456 | 1202/5456 | 22% | 1.36 (1.00 to 1.83) | |
| Self-esteem | ||||||||
| Scholastic competence score/24 | 259 | 17 | 15–19 | 5573 | 17 | 15–20 | 0.96 (0.77 to 1.20) | |
| Global self-worth score/24 | 261 | 19 | 17–21 | 5565 | 20 | 17–22 | 0.81 (0.65 to 1.01) | |
| 9 | Depression score/26 | 304 | 2 | 0–4 | 6507 | 2 | 0–4 | 1.05 (0.83 to 1.34) |
| 10 | Depression score/26 | 273 | 3 | 1–6 | 5857 | 3 | 1–6 | 1.01 (0.79 to 1.30) |
| 11 | Attention | |||||||
| Selective attention score (range −1.9 to 25.7) | 263 | 3.4 | 2.8–4.0 | 5644 | 3.4 | 2.8–4.1 | 1.11 (0.86 to 1.44) | |
| Dividing attention score (range −7.2 to 186.5) | 258 | 0.4 | −0.2–1.9 | 5593 | 0.4 | −0.3–1.5 | 1.11 (0.87 to 1.41) | |
| Attentional control-same worlds task (seconds) | 255 | 10 | 9–11 | 5443 | 10 | 9–11 | 1.12 (0.88 to 1.42) | |
| Attentional control-opposite worlds task (seconds) | 255 | 12.5 | 11.5–14 | 5441 | 12.5 | 11–14 | 1.05 (0.82 to 1.33) | |
In all the numerical outcomes, a higher score equates to a worse outcome except for self-esteem scores where a higher score indicates better self-esteem.
*p<0.01 on univariate analysis.
**p<0.01 on multivariate analysis.
†Adjusted for (1) potential confounders for psychosocial outcomes: gender, the child's IQ, maternal education, housing tenure, maternal smoking, home facilities score, paternal socioeconomic status, family adversity index, parenting attitudes at 6 months; and (2) potential confounders for infant growth between birth and 6–8 weeks: time between weight measurements, maternal height, maternal age, use of a car, infant health before weight measurement and feeding difficulties (general and poor sucking) in the first weeks of life.