Perinatal outcomes of exposed and healthy comparison groups
| Variable | Exposed group | Healthy comparison group | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | (N=133) | (N=133) | |||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Age at conception (months)* | 378.33 | 61.79 | 383.61 | 53.92 | 0.459 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg)† | 74.27 | 20.86 | 64.56 | 13.01 | <0.001 |
| Maternal pregnancy weight gain (kg)† | 15.01 | 9.33 | 14.68 | 5.57 | 0.535 |
| N | % | N | % | ||
| Vitamin use‡ | 113 | 87.6 | 131 | 99.2 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use‡ | 8 | 6.0 | 12 | 9.1 | 0.343 |
| Smoking‡ | 24 | 18.0 | 0 | 0.0 | <0.001 |
| Breastfeeding‡,§ | 69 | 62.2 | 100 | 95.2 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension‡ | 14 | 10.5 | 6 | 4.5 | 0.063 |
| Gestational diabetes‡ | 11 | 8.3 | 5 | 3.8 | 0.122 |
| Hypothyroidism¶ | 7 | 5.3 | 2 | 1.5 | 0.172 |
| Pregnancy outcomes for live births | (N=113) | (N=116) | |||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Gestational age† | 39.03 | 1.86 | 39.47 | 1.49 | 0.091 |
| Birth weight* | 3405.07 | 583.67 | 3365.69 | 511.09 | 0.591 |
| N | % | N | % | ||
| Congenital malformations¶ | 7 | 6.2 | 3 | 2.6 | 0.211 |
| Preterm delivery‡ | 12 | 10.6 | 5 | 4.3 | 0.071 |
| Small for gestational age (<10th centile)‡ | 13 | 11.6 | 10 | 8.8 | 0.495 |
| Large for gestational age (>90th centile)‡ | 13 | 11.6 | 4 | 3.5 | 0.022 |
| Delivery and neonatal outcomes for live births | (N=113) | (N=116) | |||
| N | % | N | % | ||
| Method of delivery‡ | 0.042 | ||||
| Vaginal | 78 | 69.0 | 89 | 76.7 | |
| C-section repeat | 5 | 4.4 | 9 | 7.8 | |
| C-section emergency | 17 | 15.0 | 15 | 12.9 | |
| C-section schedules | 13 | 11.5 | 3 | 2.6 | |
| Forceps/vacuum used‡ | 10 | 8.9 | 16 | 14.0 | 0.229 |
| Fetal distress‡ | 20 | 22.5 | 15 | 14.3 | 0.140 |
| Admitted to the NICU‡ | 23 | 25.3 | 11 | 9.5 | 0.002 |
| PNA signs‡ | 15 | 16.5 | 6 | 5.2 | 0.007 |
*Independent t test.
†Mann-Whitney U test.
‡Pearson's χ² test.
§N (%) of live births.
¶Fisher's exact test.
NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; PNA, poor neonatal adaptation.