Household socioeconomic characteristics, types of water sources, access to improved water, sanitary behaviour and proportion of diarrhoea among family members during the previous month: the 2009 baseline survey of the Kathmandu Valley Water Distribution, Sewerage and Urban Development Project, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
| Variable | Number of respondents, n (%) (total=2282) | Having diarrhoea, among family members n (%) (total=179) | p Value (χ2 test) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water source for domestic use | |||
| Improved source only | 597 (26.2) | 42 (7.0) | 0.02 |
| Improved and alternative source | 1217 (53.3) | 112 (9.2) | |
| Alternative source only | 468 (20.5) | 25 (5.3) | |
| Total water consumption—litres/capita/day (L/c/d) | |||
| ≥100 | 305 (14.2) | 11 (3.6) | 0.002 |
| 50–99 | 431 (20.0) | 37 (8.6) | |
| 20–49 | 796 (36.9) | 58 (7.3) | |
| <20 | 623 (28.9) | 66 (10.9) | |
| Basic (≥20 L/c/d) access to improved water | |||
| Fully covered | 663 (29.1) | 44 (6.63) | 0.01 |
| Partially covered | 981 (43.1) | 96 (9.7) | |
| Not covered | 632 (27.8) | 39 (6.17) | |
| Intermediate (≥50 L/c/d) access to improved water | |||
| Fully covered | 264 (11.6) | 19 (7.1) | 0.12 |
| Partially covered | 1386 (60.7) | 121 (8.7) | |
| Not covered | 632 (27.7) | 39 (6.1) | |
| Optimal (≥100 L/c/d) access to improved water | |||
| Fully covered | 91 (4.0) | 4 (4.3) | 0.05 |
| Partially covered | 1553 (68.2) | 136 (8.7) | |
| Not covered | 632 (27.8) | 39 (6.1) | |
| Data missing | 121 (5.3) | 9 (7.4) | |
| Demographics | |||
| Number of individuals/room (median) | 1.3 | 0.01* | |
| Number of family members (median) | 4 | 0.27* | |
| Age of household head (mean) | 47 | 0.97† | |
| Socioeconomic status | |||
| Occupation | |||
| White collar | 1771 (78.0) | 127 (7.1) | 0.06 |
| Blue collar | 217 (9.5) | 22 (10.1) | |
| Other | 283 (12.5) | 30 (10.6) | |
| Monthly household income—Nepalese rupees (NRs) | |||
| >15 000 | 740 (32.4) | 46 (6.2) | 0.21 |
| 5000–15 000 | 727 (31.9) | 59 (8.1) | |
| <5000 | 460 (20.2) | 42 (9.1) | |
| Data missing | 335 (15.6) | 32 (9.5) | |
| Level of education | |||
| College | 814 (35.7) | 48 (5.9) | 0.007‡ |
| Secondary (grades 4–10) | 795 (34.8) | 59 (7.4) | |
| No education/primary (grades 1–3) | 644 (28.2) | 69 (10.7) | |
| Data missing | 29 (1.3) | 3 (0.34) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Brahmin/Chettri/Thakuri | 956 (41.9) | 75 (7.8) | 0.95‡ |
| Newar | 711 (31.2) | 56 (7.9) | |
| Janajati | 469 (20.2) | 36 (7.7) | |
| Dalit | 25 (1.1) | 3 (12.0) | |
| Data missing | 121 (5.3) | 9 (7.4) | |
| Sanitary behaviour | |||
| Household treatment of drinking water | |||
| Always treated | 1513 (66.5) | 115 (7.6) | 0.67 |
| Sometimes treated | 101 (4.4) | 10 (9.9) | |
| Never treated | 663 (29.1) | 54 (8.1) | |
| Toilet facilities | |||
| Water-sealed toilet | 2145 (94.0) | 164 (7.6) | 0.14 |
| Other | 135 (6.0) | 15 (11.1) | |
*Mann-Whitney U test.
†Independent sample t test.
‡Fisher's exact test.