S2 and S1 complexity according to right ventricular size and systolic function
| RV dilation | RV systolic dysfunction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal/mild | Moderate/severe | Normal/mild | Moderate/severe | |
| S2 complexity | ||||
| All (PAH and Controls) (n) | 37 | 23 | 43 | 17 |
| V3 | 2.71±1.99 | 3.89±2.14* | 2.55±1.68 | 4.85±2.20*** |
| V4 | 2.63±2.40 | 4.89±5.88* | 2.49±2.57 | 5.74±6.33** |
| PAH (n) | 20 | 20 | 23 | 16 |
| V3 | 3.33±1.66 | 4.12±2.18 | 2.95±1.21 | 4.97±2.21** |
| V4 | 3.64±2.54 | 5.53±6.05 | 3.50±2.89 | 6.10±6.36 |
| Controls (n) | 17 | 3 | 20 | 1 |
| V3 | 1.98±2.15 | 2.39±1.02 | 2.08±2.04 | 2.96±0.00 |
| V4 | 1.45±1.57 | 0.59±1.02 | 1.32±1.52 | 0.00±0.00 |
| S1 complexity | ||||
| All (PAH and Controls), (n) | 37 | 23 | 42 | 17 |
| V3 | 4.55±2.06 | 3.97±1.32 | 4.60±2.00 | 3.67±1.14 |
| V4 | 4.95±2.23 | 3.81±1.34* | 4.93±2.13 | 3.69±1.35* |
| PAH, (n) | 20 | 20 | 23 | 16 |
| V3 | 4.78±1.78 | 4.11±1.30 | 4.97±1.77 | 3.80±1.05* |
| V4 | 5.48±2.32 | 3.68±1.21** | 5.29±2.20 | 3.68±1.40* |
| Controls, (n) | 17 | 3 | 20 | 1 |
| V3 | 4.29±2.38 | 3.08±1.24 | 4.19±2.20 | 1.68±0.00 |
| V4 | 4.33±2.02 | 4.68±2.08 | 4.52±2.04 | 3.83±0.00 |
*p<0.05.
**p<0.01.
***p<0.0001.
Comparison of heart sound complexity is performed between PAH and controls as a cohort, and within the PAH and control groups based on RV size and systolic dysfunction.
PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; RV, right ventricular.