Differences in heart rate and heart rate variability between protease inhibitor-based regimens and NNRTI-based regimens
| Model 1: unadjusted | Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, race and NRTI backbone | Model 3: adjusted for model 2 plus smoking status, total cholesterol/HDL ratio, BMI, history of CVD events* at baseline, diabetes, blood pressure-lowering drugs and lipid-lowering drugs | Model 4: adjusted for model 3 plus baseline time since first prescribed ART, baseline CD4 and HIV-RNA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | Difference (95% CI) | p Value* | Difference (95% CI) | p Value* | Difference (95% CI) | p Value* | Difference (95% CI) | p Value* |
| Heart Rate (bpm) | ||||||||
| Boosted PI | −1.52 (−2.46 to −0.57) | 0.002 | −1.67 (−2.65 to −0.69) | <0.001 | −1.93 (−2.91 to −0.96) | <0.001 | −2.15 (−3.14 to −1.16) | <0.001 |
| Non-boosted PI | −1.84 (−2.92 to −0.75) | <0.001 | −2.08 (−3.18 to −0.98) | <0.001 | −2.62 (−3.70 to −1.53) | <0.001 | −2.81 (−3.90 to −1.71) | <0.001 |
| NNRTI-no PI | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| SDNN (log 10 ms) | ||||||||
| Boosted PI | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.04) | 0.35 | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.04) | 0.38 | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.04) | 0.19 | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.05) | 0.12 |
| Non-boosted PI | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.05) | 0.22 | 0.03 (0.00 to 0.06) | 0.03 | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07) | 0.006 | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07) | 0.004 |
| NNRTI-no PI | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| rMSSD (log 10 ms) | ||||||||
| Boosted PI | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.04) | 0.22 | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.04) | 0.27 | 0.02 (−0.00 to 0.05) | 0.09 | 0.03 (0.00 to 0.05) | 0.04 |
| Non-boosted PI | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.05) | 0.14 | 0.03 (0.00 to 0.06) | 0.04 | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07) | 0.003 | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.08) | 0.001 |
| NNRT-no PI | Ref. | − | Ref. | − | Ref. | − | Ref. | − |
*p Value <0.01 is considered significant.
bpm, beats/min; ms, millisecond; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; rMSSD, the root mean square of successive differences in the RR intervals; SDNN, the SD of all filtered RR intervals over the length of the recording.