HRs and 95% CIs for total mortality, and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases and cancer by tertiles of calcium and magnesium among women in Shanghai
| Calcium intake (mg/day) magnesium intake (mg/day) | ||||||||||
| <408 | 408–<600 | ≥600 | p for trend | p for interaction | <251 | 251–<320 | ≥320 | p for trend | p for interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person-years | 349874.66 | 281646.47 | 175026.49 | 335378.89 | 271235.72 | 199933.00 | ||||
| Total mortality | ||||||||||
| Cases | 2019 | 1155 | 632 | 1992 | 1108 | 706 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.15) | 1.06 (0.92 to 1.22) | 0.39 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.16) | 1.09 (0.94 to 1.27) | 0.27 | ||
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.16) | 1.08 (0.94 to 1.25) | 0.25 | 0.54 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.15) | 1.09 (0.94 to 1.27) | 0.27 | 0.07 |
| Ratio≤1.7* | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.13) | 1.03 (0.78 to 1.36) | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.14 (1.00 to 1.30) | 1.24 (1.02 to 1.51) | 0.02 | ||
| Ratio>1.7* | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.24) | 1.06 (0.81 to 1.39) | 0.68 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.76 to 1.06) | 0.88 (0.68 to 1.13) | 0.31 | ||
| Mortality due to cardiovascular diseases | ||||||||||
| Cases | 649 | 321 | 177 | 625 | 311 | 211 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.86 to 1.22) | 1.08 (0.84 to 1.40) | 0.57 | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.34) | 1.35 (1.03 to 1.77) | 0.04 | ||
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.86 to 1.22) | 1.08 (0.83 to 1.40) | 0.57 | 0.18 | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.34) | 1.35 (1.03 to 1.77) | 0.04 | 0.09 |
| Ratio≤1.7* | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.79 to 1.30) | 1.21 (0.74 to 1.99) | 0.61 | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.93 to 1.48) | 1.53 (1.08 to 2.16) | 0.02 | ||
| Ratio>1.7* | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.67 to 1.35) | 1.07 (0.64 to 1.79) | 0.69 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.74 to 1.39) | 1.14 (0.71 to 1.85) | 0.60 | ||
| Mortality due to coronary heart disease | ||||||||||
| Cases | 284 | 148 | 79 | 290 | 129 | 92 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.78 to 1.31) | 1.01 (0.69 to 1.49) | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.73 to 1.28) | 1.19 (0.79 to 1.78) | 0.46 | ||
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.78 to 1.32) | 1.04 (0.71 to 1.54) | 0.84 | 0.21 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.73 to 1.28) | 1.19 (0.79 to 1.79) | 0.46 | 0.02 |
| Ratio≤1.7* | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.67 to 1.42) | 1.92 (1.00 to 3.70) | 0.27 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.70 to 1.46) | 1.69 (1.02 to 2.80) | 0.07 | ||
| Ratio>1.7* | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.53 to 1.40) | 0.85 (0.41 to 1.76) | 0.68 | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.59 to 1.45) | 0.86 (0.43 to 1.74) | 0.68 | ||
| Mortality due to stroke | ||||||||||
| Cases | 365 | 173 | 98 | 335 | 182 | 119 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.32) | 1.13 (0.80 to 1.60) | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.25 (0.97 to 1.61) | 1.50 (1.03 to 2.16) | 0.03 | ||
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.81 to 1.31) | 1.11 (0.78 to 1.57) | 0.59 | 0.49 | 1.00 | 1.25 (0.97 to 1.60) | 1.50 (1.03 to 2.17) | 0.03 | 0.81 |
| Ratio≤1.7* | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.76 to 1.44) | 0.72 (0.33 to 1.58) | 0.79 | 1.00 | 1.30 (0.95 to 1.77) | 1.40 (0.87 to 2.23) | 0.12 | ||
| Ratio>1.7* | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.65 to 1.77) | 1.35 (0.66 to 2.77) | 0.34 | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.73 to 1.78) | 1.46 (0.75 to 2.85) | 0.26 | ||
| Mortality due to all cancers | ||||||||||
| Cases | 789 | 556 | 271 | 756 | 537 | 323 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.95 to 1.26) | 0.90 (0.72 to 1.12) | 0.51 | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.23) | 0.89 (0.70 to 1.14) | 0.42 | ||
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.95 to 1.27) | 0.92 (0.74 to 1.15) | 0.68 | 0.24 | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.23) | 0.89 (0.70 to 1.14) | 0.42 | 0.78 |
| Ratio≤1.7* | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.26) | 0.82 (0.54 to 1.25) | 0.73 | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.98 to 1.46) | 1.13 (0.83 to 1.54) | 0.35 | ||
| Ratio>1.7* | 1.00 | 1.28 (0.93 to 1.77) | 0.99 (0.64 to 1.55) | 0.42 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.66 to 1.10) | 0.61 (0.41 to 0.92) | 0.02 | ||
| Mortality due to lung cancer | ||||||||||
| Cases | 171 | 109 | 50 | 156 | 109 | 65 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.73 to 1.37) | 0.76 (0.47 to 1.24) | 0.34 | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.80 to 1.61) | 1.01 (0.59 to 1.71) | 0.93 | ||
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.74 to 1.40) | 0.81 (0.50 to 1.32) | 0.47 | 0.87 | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.81 to 1.62) | 1.01 (0.60 to 1.72) | 0.92 | 0.95 |
| Ratio≤1.7* | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.73 to 1.76) | 1.78 (0.82 to 3.87) | 0.22 | 1.00 | 1.45 (0.94 to 2.24) | 1.65 (0.87 to 3.15) | 0.11 | ||
| Ratio>1.7* | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.42 to 1.81) | 0.36 (0.13 to 1.02) | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.36 to 1.13) | 0.30 (0.11 to 0.77) | 0.01 | ||
| Mortality due to colorectal cancer | ||||||||||
| Cases | 109 | 76 | 48 | 96 | 77 | 60 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.60 to 1.30) | 0.76 (0.43 to 1.34) | 0.34 | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.78 to 1.82) | 1.32 (0.70 to 2.51) | 0.39 | ||
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.60 to 1.28) | 0.73 (0.41 to 1.29) | 0.28 | 0.49 | 1.00 | 1.20 (0.79 to 1.84) | 1.34 (0.70 to 2.54) | 0.37 | 0.19 |
| Ratio≤1.7* | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.66 to 1.86) | 0.63 (0.19 to 2.08) | 0.84 | 1.00 | 1.92 (1.11 to 3.33) | 2.20 (0.96 to 5.04) | 0.05 | ||
| Ratio>1.7* | 1.00 | 0.50 (0.23 to 1.10) | 0.32 (0.11 to 0.94) | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.58 (0.30 to 1.13) | 0.56 (0.20 to 1.53) | 0.25 | ||
| Mortality due to gastric cancer | ||||||||||
| Cases | 108 | 68 | 32 | 114 | 58 | 36 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.77 to 1.72) | 1.05 (0.57 to 1.92) | 0.80 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.54 to 1.28) | 0.77 (0.40 to 1.50) | 0.42 | ||
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.78 to 1.75) | 1.09 (0.59 to2.03) | 0.69 | 0.23 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.54 to 1.28) | 0.77 (0.40 to 1.50) | 0.42 | 0.33 |
| Ratio≤1.7* | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.42 to1.35) | 1.34 (0.47 to 3.77) | 0.81 | 1.00 | 0.65 (0.37 to1.16) | 0.95 (0.42 to2.15) | 0.72 | ||
| Ratio>1.7* | 1.00 | 3.41 (1.30 to 8.99) | 3.92 (1.05 to 14.68) | 0.10 | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.54 to 2.23) | 0.63 (0.20 to 2.01) | 0.49 | ||
In Model 1, age at entry, sex, body mass index (BMI), education, marriage status, smoking status, tea drinking, use of ginseng, alcohol drinking, use of Ca supplement, use of multivitamin, regular physical activity and intakes of total energy, saturated fatty acid, phosphorus, fibre, retinol, vitamin E, folic acid, sodium, potassium and zinc were adjusted.
In Model 2, Ca and Mg were further adjusted to assess whether the association of Mg or Ca was independent of Ca or Mg, respectively.
*Model 2 was used.