Characteristics of cases and controls
| Cases | Controls | p Value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2009 | 10045 | |
| Age (years) | 82.4 (6.6) | 82.4 (6.6) | 1.00 |
| Smoking (%) | 0.001 | ||
| Non-current smoker | 69.5 | 73.4 | |
| Current smoker | 2.7 | 2.0 | |
| Not recorded | 27.8 | 24.6 | |
| Alcoholism (%) | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.30 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.2 (5.0) | 29.0 (5.0) | <0.0001 |
| <20 kg/m2 (%) | 2.7 | 1.0 | <0.0001 |
| 20–<25 kg/m2 (%) | 17.6 | 12.2 | |
| 25–<30 kg/m2 (%) | 25.5 | 28.9 | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 (%) | 19.8 | 30.8 | |
| Not recorded (%) | 34.4 | 27.1 | |
| Comorbidities (%) | |||
| Previous fracture | 17.2 | 10.1 | <0.0001 |
| Kidney disease | 4.9 | 3.6 | 0.006 |
| Malabsorption | 2.3 | 2.1 | 0.54 |
| Stroke | 10.7 | 6.2 | <0.0001 |
| Dementia | 14.6 | 6.2 | <0.0001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 2.3 | 1.3 | 0.0006 |
| Diabetes | 22.2 | 17.7 | <0.0001 |
| Epilepsy | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.03 |
| Parkinson's disease | 4.9 | 1.9 | <0.0001 |
| Thyroid disease | 10.2 | 10.8 | 0.47 |
| Use of medication (%) | |||
| PPI or H2 receptor blocker | 38.2 | 34.0 | 0.0004 |
| Anxiolytic | 29.1 | 24.8 | <0.0001 |
| Antidepressants | 22.6 | 13.8 | <0.0001 |
| Antihypertensives | 56.8 | 61.6 | <0.0001 |
| Corticosteroids | 8.0 | 7.4 | 0.33 |
| Sedatives | 11.8 | 9.3 | 0.0006 |
| Raloxifene | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.14 |
| Hormone replacement therapy | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.00 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.43 |
Values correspond to the percentage or means (SD).
*p Values calculated from χ2 test for categorical values and Student's t test for continuous variables.
PPI, proton pump inhibitors.