Male (OR 95% CI) | Female (OR 95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Education | ||
Postsecondary | 3.26 (1.68 to 6.33)** | 1.32 (0.53 to 3.32) |
Secondary | 2.43 (1.37 to 4.28)** | 1.67 (1.07 to 2.61)* |
Primary | 1.55 (0.91 to 2.65) | 1.49 (1.12 to 1.99)** |
Uneducated | 1.67 (0.90 to 3.10) | 0.98 (0.72 to 1.35) |
Illiterate | 1.00 | 1.00 |
House tenure | ||
Self-owned | 1.34 (1.06 to 1.70)* | 1.27 (1.00 to 1.61)* |
Non-self-owned | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Income | ||
>10000 | 1.95 (0.99 to 3.85) | 0.99 (0.41 to 2.37) |
6000∼9999 | 1.96 (1.19 to 3.22)** | 1.49 (0.86 to 2.60) |
3000∼5999 | 1.11 (0.77 to 1.61) | 1.10 (0.72 to 1.67) |
2000∼2999 | 1.41 (0.97 to 2.04) | 1.03 (0.67 to 1.57) |
1000∼1999 | 1.40 (0.96 to 2.05) | 1.06 (0.65 to 1.73) |
<1000 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Expenditure | ||
>10000 | 1.05 (0.42 to 2.65) | 0.50 (0.20 to 1.25) |
6000∼9999 | 1.57 (1.01 to 2.43) | 1.07 (0.68 to 1.67) |
3000∼5999 | 1.28 (0.88 to 1.88) | 0.94 (0.66 to 1.32) |
2000∼2999 | 1.41 (0.96 to 2.07) | 0.92 (0.64 to 1.32) |
<2000 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Occupation | ||
Professionals | 1.91 (1.30 to 2.82)** | 2.28 (1.40 to 3.71)** |
Technical workers | 1.50 (1.09 to 2.07)* | 1.16 (0.89 to 1.51) |
Unemployed | – | 1.51 (1.05 to 2.16)* |
Elementary workers | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Economic Hardship | ||
More than enough | 4.61 (2.54 to 8.37)** | 4.70 (2.26 to 9.77)** |
Enough | 2.06 (1.46 to 2.91)** | 2.12 (1.52 to 2.97)** |
Just right | 1.72 (1.20 to 2.46)** | 1.57 (1.13 to 2.18)** |
Insufficient | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Covariates included age, marriage, body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, exercise, live alone or not, hospitalisation, diagnosis of heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease, hearing loss or musculoskeletal, other SES indicators. Because correlation was found between education and occupation, income and expenditure, only one indicator of each pair was included in the model. For example, if education was the independent variable in the model, occupation was excluded due to the correlation with education, and income, but not expenditure, was included in the model owing to the correlation between the two. If expenditure was the independent variable, income was excluded owing to the correlation with occupation, and education, but not occupation, was included in the model owing to the correlation between the two.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01
SES, socioeconomic status; SRH, self-rated health.