Individual studies
| Author | Type of study, sample size, country | Setting | Disease focus | Unit of analysis (patient (P) or org (O) | Patient experience focus and method used | Safety and effectiveness measure | Association demonstrated | Association not demonstrated | Assoc. Found vs NOT found |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang et al48 | Cohort study, 236 patients, USA | Managed care organisation | 22 clinical conditions | P | Providers communication (The Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey and ‘Quality of care’) | Technical quality and patient global ratings (medical records and patient interviews) | None | Technical quality of care | 0/1 |
| Sequist et al24 | Cross-sectional study, 492 settings, USA | Primary care | Cervical, breast and colorectal cancer, chlamydia, cardiovascular conditions, asthma, diabetes | P | Doctor–patient communication, clinical team interactions, organisational features of care (The Ambulatory Care Experiences survey) | Clinical quality focusing on disease prevention, disease management and outcomes of care (Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS)) | Cervical cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer screening, Chlamydia screening, Cholesterol screening (cardiac), LDL cholesterol testing (diabetes), eye exams (diabetes), HbA1c testing, nephropathy screening | Cholesterol management, HbA1c control, LDL cholesterol control, blood pressure control | 9/4 |
| Burgers et al55 | Survey, 8973 patients, Range | Range of settings | Chronic lung, mental health, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, cancer | P | Coordination of care and overall experience (Commonwealth Fund International Health Policy Survey) | Death score | Death score | None | 1/0 |
| Kaplan et al25 | Randomised control trial, 252 patients, USA | Range of settings | Ulcer disease, hypertension, diabetes, breast cancer | P | Physician–patient communication (assessment of audio tape and questionnaire) | Physiological measures taken at visit and patients’ self-rated health status survey. | Follow-up blood glucose and blood pressure, functional health status, self-reported health status. | None | 4/0 |
| Jha et al23 | Cross-sectional study, 2429 settings, USA | Hospital | Acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, pneumonia complications from surgery | O | Patient communication with clinicians, experience of nursing services, discharge planning (Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey) | Technical quality of care using Hospital Quality Alliance (HQA) score | Technical quality of care in AMI, congestive heart failure (CHF), pneumonia, surgical care | None | 4/0 |
| Rao et al47 | Cross-sectional study, 3487 patients, UK | Primary care | Hypertension, Influenza vaccination | P | Older patients’ experience of technical quality of care (General Practice Assessment survey) | Technical quality of care—(medical records) | None | Hypertension monitoring and control, influenza vaccination. | 0/3 |
| Meterko et al26 | Cohort study, 1858 patients, USA | Veteran Affairs Medical Centres | Acute myocardial infarction | P | Patient-centred care, access, courtesy, information, coordination, patient preferences, emotional support, family involvement, physical comfort (VA Survey of Healthcare Experiences of Patients (SHEP)) | Survival 1-year postdischarge | Survival 1-year post discharge | None | 1/0 |
| Vincent et al56 | Cohort survey 227 patients, UK | Range of settings | Varied | P | Accountability, explanation, standards of care, compensation (questionnaire) | Legal action | Legal action | None | 1/0 |
| Agoritsas et al57 | Cohort patient survey, 1518 patients, Switzerland | Hospital | Varied | P | Global rating of care and respect and dignity questions (Picker survey) | Patient reports of undesirable events (survey) | Neglect of important information by healthcare staff, pain control, needless repetition of a test, being handled with roughness | None | 4/0 |
| Flocke et al37 | Cross-sectional study, 2889 patients, USA | Primary care | Varied | P | Interpersonal communication, physician's knowledge of patient, coordination (Components of Primary Care Instrument (CPCI)) | Use of preventive care services (screening, health habit counselling services, immunisation services) | Screening, health habit counselling, immunisation | None | 3/0 |
| Jackson, J. et al58 | Quantitative cohort study 500 patients, USA | General medicine walk-in clinic | Varied | P | Patient satisfaction (Research and Development (RAND) 9-item survey) | Functional status (Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey (SF-6)), symptom resolution, (RAND 9-item survey), follow-up visits | Symptom resolution, repeat visits, functional status | None | 3/0 |
| Clark et al41 | Randomised control trial 731 patients, USA | Range of settings | Asthma | P | Patient experience of physician communication (patient interviews and Likert scale) | Emergency department visits, hospitalisations, office phone calls and visits, urgent office visits (survey+medical chart review of 6% of patients to verify responses) | Number of office visits, emergency visits, urgent office visits, phone calls, hospitalisations | None | 5/0 |
| Raiz et al20 | Quantitative cohort study, 357 patients, USA | Primary care | Renal transplant | P | Patient faith in doctor (Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC)) | Medication compliance | Remembering medications, taking medications as prescribed | None | 2/0 |
| Kahn et al32 | Cohort study, 881 patients, USA | Hospitals | Breast cancer | P | Level of physician support, participation in decision-making and information on side effects (survey) | Medication adherence | Ongoing tamoxifen use | None | 1/0 |
| Plomondon et al22 | Cohort study, 1815 patients, USA | Hospital | Myocardial infarction | P | Satisfaction with explanations from their doctor, overall satisfaction with treatment (Seattle Angina questionnaire) | Presence of angina (Seattle Angina Questionnaire) | Presence of angina | None | 1/0 |
| Fuertes et al19 | Survey, 152 patients, USA | Hospital | Neurology | P | Physician–patient communication, physician–patient working alliance, empathy, multicultural competence (questionnaire) | Adherence to medical treatment (adherence Self-Efficacy Scale and Medical Outcome Study (MOS) adherence scale) | Adherence to treatment | None | 1/0 |
| Lewis et al31 | Qualitative cohort study, 191 patients, USA | Primary care | Pain | P | Doctor–patient communication (survey) | Medication adherence (Prescription Drug Use Questionnaire (PDUQ)) | Use of prescribed opioid medications | None | 1/0 |
| Safran et al59 | Cross-sectional study, 7204 patients, USA | Primary care | Varied | P | Accessibility, continuity, integration, clinical interaction, interpersonal aspects, trust (The Primary Care Assessment Survey) | Adherence to physician's advice, health status, health outcomes (Medical Outcomes Study (MOS), Behavioural risk factor survey) | Adherence, health status | Health outcomes | 2/1 |
| Alamo et al60 | Randomised study, 81, Spain | Primary care | Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP), fibromyalgia | P | Patient-centreed-care (‘Gatha-Res questionnaire’ and follow-up phone call) | Pain (Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) anxiety (Oldberg scale of anxiety and depression (GHQ)) | Anxiety, number of tender points (pain) | Pain, pain intensity, pain as a problem, number of associated symptoms, depression, physical mobility, social isolation, emotional reaction, sleep | 2/10 |
| Fan et al61 | Survey, 21 689 patients, USA | Primary care | Cardiac care, diabetes, congestive obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) | P | Communication skills and humanistic qualities of primary care physician (Seattle Outpatient Satisfaction Survey) | Physical and emotional aspects, coping ability and symptom burden for angina, COPD and diabetes (Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), Obstructive Lung Disease Questionnaire (SOLDQ), Diabetes Questionnaire (SDQ)) | Patient ability to deal with all 3 diseases, education for diabetes patients, angina stability, physical limitation due to angina | Self-reported physical limitation for angina and COPD, symptom burden for diabetes, complications for diabetes | 7/4 |
| O'Malley et al38 | Cross-sectional study, 961 patients, USA | Primary care | Varied | P | Patient trust (survey) | Use of preventive care services | Blood pressure measurement, height and weight measurement, cholesterol check, papanicolaou test (pap) tests, breast cancer screening, colorectal cancer screening, discussion of diet, discussion on depression | None | 8/0 |
| Little et al62 | Survey, 865 patients, UK | Primary care | varied | P | Patient centredness (Survey) | Enablement, symptom burden, resource use | Enablement, symptom burden, referrals | Re-attendance, investigations | 3/2 |
| Levinson et al63 | Qualitative cohort study, 124 physicians, USA | Primary care | Varied | P | Physician–patient communication (assessment of audiotape) | Malpractice | Malpractice claims | None | 1/0 |
| Carcaise-Edinboro and Bradley39 | Cross sectional study, 8488 patients, USA | Primary care | Colorectal cancer | P | Patient-provider communication (Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) survey) | Colorectal Cancer screening, fecal occult blood testing and colonoscopy (Medical Expenditure Panel Survey) | CRC screening, fecal occult blood testing, colonoscopy | None | 3/0 |
| Schneider et al33 | Cross-sectional analysis study, 554 patients, USA | Primary care | HIV | P | Physician–patient relationship (survey) | Adherence (survey) | Adherence to antiretroviral therapy | None | 1/0 |
| Schoenthaler et al34 | Cross-sectional study, 439 patients, USA | Primary care | Hypertension | P | Patients’ perceptions of providers’ communication (survey) | Medication adherence (Morisky self-report measure) | Medication adherence | None | 1/0 |
| Slatore et al64 | Cross-sectional study, 342 patients, USA | Range of settings | COPD | P | Patient–clinician communication (Quality of communication questionnaire (QOC)) | Self-reported breathing problem confidence and general self-rated health (survey) | Confidence in dealing with breathing problems | Self-rated health | 1/1 |
| Lee and Lin65 | Cohort study, 480 patients, Taiwan | Range of settings | Type 2 diabetes | P | Trust in physicians (survey) | Self-efficacy, adherence, health outcomes (Multidimensional Diabetes Questionnaire and 12-Item Short-Form Health survey (SF-12)) | Physical HRQoL, mental HRQoL, body mass index HbA1c, triglycerides, complications, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, adherence | None | 9/0 |
| Heisler et al35 | Survey, 1314 patients, USA | Primary care | Diabetes | P | Physician communication, physician interaction styles, participatory decision-making (Questionnaire) | Disease management (surveys and national databases) | Overall self-management, diabetes diet, medication compliance, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, foot care. | Exercise | 6/1 |
| Lee and Lin66 | Cohort study, 614 patients, Taiwan | Range of settings | Type 2 diabetes | P | Patients’ perceptions of support, autonomy, trust, satisfaction (Healthcare Climate Questionnaire and Autonomy Preference Index (API)) | Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) (medical records) Physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (SF-12) | Physical HRQoL, mental HRQoL | Information preference interaction, HbA1C | 2/2 |
| Kennedy A. et al67 | Randomised control trial, 700 patients, UK | Hospital | Inflammatory bowel Disease | P | Patient-centred-care (interviews) | Resource use, self-rated physical and mental health, enablement (patient diaries, questionnaires, medical records) | Ability to cope with condition, symptom relapses, hospital visits, appointments made | Physical functioning, role limitations, social functioning, mental health, energy/vitality, pain, general health perception, anxiety, number of relapses, number of medically-defined relapses, average relapse duration, frequency of GP visits, delay before starting treatment | 4/13 |
| Stewart et al42 | Observational cohort study, 315 patients, Canada | Primary care | General | P | Patient-centred communication (assessment of audiotape and Patient-Centred Communication Score tool) | Discomfort (VAS) symptom severity severity (Visual Analogue Scale), Health Status (Short Form-36 SF-36) Quality of care provision (chart review by doctors) | Symptom discomfort and concern, self-reported health, diagnostic tests, referrals and visits to the family physician | None | 5/2 |
| Kinnersley et al68 | Observational study, 143 patients, UK | Primary care | Varied | P | Patient-centredness (assessment of audiotape and questionnaires) | Symptom resolution, resolution of concerns, functional health status (Questionnaire) | None | Resolution of symptoms, resolution of concerns, functional health status | 0/3 |
| Solberg et al51 | Survey, 3109 patients, USA | Primary care—multispecialty group | Varied | P | Patient experience of errors (survey) | Review of errors (chart audits and physician reviewer judgements) | None | None | 1/0 |
| Isaac et al6 | Cross-sectional study, 927 hospitals, USA | Hospital | Acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, pneumonia complications from surgery. | O | General patient experiences (Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey (HCAHPS)) | Processes of care (Health Quality Alliance (HQA) database) and patient safety indicators | Decubitus ulcer rates, infections, processes of care for pneumonia, CHF and myocardial infarctions, surgical composites, hemorrage, respiratory failure, DVT, pulmonary embolism, sepsis | Failure to rescue | 11/1 |
| Glickman et al27 | Cohort study, 3562 patients, USA | Hospital | Acute myocardial infarction | P | Patient satisfaction (Press-Ganey survey) | Adherence to practice guidelines, outcomes (CRUSADE quality improvement registry). | Inpatient mortality, composite clinical measures, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) survival | None | 3/0 |
| Fremont et al69 | Survey, 1346 patients, USA | Hospital | Cardiac | P | Patient-centred care (Picker survey) | Processes of care, functional health status, cardiac symptoms (Medical Outcomes Study questionnaire, London School of Hygiene measures for cardiac symptoms) | Overall health, chest pain, patient reported general physical and mental health status | Mental health, shortness of breath | 5/2 |
| Riley et al70 | Survey, 506 patients, Canada | Hospital | Cardiac care—acute coronary | P | Continuity of care (The Heart Continuity of Care Questionnaire, Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey, Illness Perception Questionnaire) | Participation in cardiac rehabilitation, perception of illness, functional capacity (Duke Activity Status Index (DASI)) | Cardiac rehabilitation participation, perceptions of illness consequences | None | 2/0 |
| Weingart et al49 | Cohort study, 228 patients, USA | Hospital | Varied | P | Patient experience of adverse events (interviews) | Adverse events (mMedical records and patient interviews) | Adverse events | None | 1/0 |
| Weissman et al50 | Survey, 998 patients, USA | Hospital | Varied | P | Patient experience of adverse events (interviews) | Adverse events (medical records) | Adverse events | None | 1/0 |
HRQoL, health-related quality of life.