Mediterranean diet adherence and dietary consumption as a whole and according to four income categories
| Income categories | All (n=13 262) | <10 000 (n=980, 7.4%) | >10 000<25 000 (n=5751, 43.4%) | >25 000<40 000 (n=4120, 31.1%) | >40 000 (n=2411, 18.2%) | p Value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mediterranean score (MDS) | 4.44 (1.64) | 4.32 (1.61) | 4.40 (1.62) | 4.46 (1.62) | 4.53 (1.70) | <0.0001 |
| Italian Mediterranean index (IMI) | 3.26 (1.71) | 3.20 (1.64) | 3.15 (1.68) | 3.30 (1.71) | 3.49 (1.79) | <0.0001 |
| Dietary pattern 1 (olive oil and vegetables) | 0.042 (0.95) | −0.066 (0.92) | 0.021 (0.94) | 0.070 (0.95) | 0.091 (0.97) | <0.0001 |
| Dietary pattern 2 (pasta and meat) | 0.036 (0.95) | 0.0078 (0.91) | 0.093 (0.95) | 0.0053 (0.95) | − 0.036 (0.97) | <0.0001 |
| Dietary pattern 3 (eggs and sweets) | 0.015 (0.85) | −0.13 (0.88) | 0.040 (0.86) | 0.044 (0.85) | −0.033 (0.82) | <0.0001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2177.4 (640.7) | 2062.5 (704.1) | 2186.3 (649.0) | 2190.6 (627.8) | 2180.4 (610.7) | 0.58 |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 16.5 (22.4) | 16.1 (25.8) | 18.2 (24.5) | 15.3 (20.3) | 14.9 (18.6) | <0.0001 |
| Moderate drinkers (n, %) | 4303 (33.3%) | 261 (27.5%) | 1646 (29.2%) | 1419 (35.3%) | 977 (41.7%) | <0.0001 |
| Wine consumption (ml/day) | 135.5 (188.7) | 133.3 (209.6) | 148.9 (203.7) | 125.5 (175.4) | 121.8 (160.4) | <0.0001 |
| Olive oil (g/day) | 24.2 (9.2) | 22.9 (9.0) | 24.4 (9.3) | 24.4 (9.2) | 24.0 (9.1) | 0.0034 |
| Animal fat (g/day) | 1.26 (1.41) | 1.21 (1.37) | 1.34 (1.45) | 1.25 (1.41) | 1.11 (1.31) | <0.0001 |
| Fish (g/day) | 20.9 (17.0) | 17.5 (15.5) | 19.4 (16.3) | 22.1 (17.4) | 23.9 (18.0) | <0.0001 |
| Processed meat (g/day) | 30.4 (20.9) | 27.4 (20.0) | 31.5 (21.8) | 30.7 (20.5) | 28.6 (19.9) | <0.0001 |
| Cooked vegetables (g/day) | 73.5 (43.4) | 71.2 (42.8) | 74.8 (44.0) | 74.0 (42.5) | 70.6 (43.4) | 0.0006 |
| Legumes (g/day) | 28.3 (22.1) | 27.1 (20.3) | 27.1 (21.6) | 28.4 (21.9) | 31.3 (24.2) | <0.0001 |
| Nuts and seeds (g/day) | 0.89 (2.3) | 0.90 (3.2) | 0.87 (2.3) | 0.88 (2.1) | 0.94 (2.2) | 0.34 |
| Red meat (g/day) | 47.8 (26.0) | 44.7 (26.3) | 48.8 (25.9) | 47.9 (25.8) | 46.8 (26.3) | 0.0008 |
| White meat (g/day) | 26.4 (18.8) | 29.6 (19.8) | 28.1 (19.3) | 25.3 (17.8) | 23.2 (18.1) | <0.0001 |
| Fruits (g/day) | 358.5 (204.3) | 362.7 (211.1) | 354.9 (201.2) | 355.7 (198.9) | 370.3 (217.0) | 0.015 |
| Crustaceans, molluscs, seafood (g/day) | 11.0 (10.1) | 8.9 (8.8) | 10.7 (9.9) | 11.7 (10.7) | 11.5 (10.0) | <0.0001 |
| Vegetable oils (no olive; g/day) | 0.28 (0.81) | 0.33 (1.23) | 0.29 (0.79) | 0.28 (0.69) | 0.27 (0.84) | 0.18 |
| Refined grains (pasta and bread; (g/day) | 198.3 (101.9) | 193.5 (104.5) | 201.3 (103.3) | 196.3 (99.2) | 196.8 (101.9) | 0.0004 |
| Sugar (g/day) | 11.0 (10.4) | 10.3 (9.7) | 11.2 (10.9) | 11.1 (10.3) | 10.4 (9.8) | <0.0001 |
*p Values adjusted for sex, age, energy intake, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and marital status.