Table 4

Multivariable logistic regression: beta-lactam antibiotics and other risk variables versus binary end point eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m² on day 7

	Unadjusted analysis		Multivariable analysis
	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p Value	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p Value
Other variables
Age (≥65 vs <65 years)	2.36 (1.86 to 3.00)	<0.0001	1.85 (1.31 to 2.60)	<0.0001
APACHE II score (≥20 vs <20)	2.49 (1.90 to 3.25)	<0.0001	1.64 (1.12 to 2.41)	0.01
Severe sepsis/septic shock versus milder or no infection	2.02 (1.59 to 2.56)	<0.0001	1.16 (0.82 to 1.66)	0.40
Autoimmune disease (Y vs N)	1.31 (0.73 to 2.33)	0.36	NI	–
Cancer (Y vs N)	1.26 (0.88 to 1.79)	0.21	NI	–
Charlson score (≥2 vs <2)	1.72 (1.35 to 2.18)	<0.0001	1.70 (1.21 to 2.40)	0.002
Surgical (Y vs N)	1.16 (0.90 to 1.50)	0.24	NI	–
Body mass index (≥25 vs <25)	1.57 (1.17 to 2.12)	0.003	1.19 (0.78 to 1.82)	0.41
Gender (male vs female)	1.25 (0.99 to 1.57)	0.06	1.28 (0.92 to 1.78)	0.14
eGFR level at baseline
>60 ml/min/1.73 m²	Ref	–	Ref	–
31–60 ml/min/1.73 m²	14.6 (10.2 to 21.0)	<0.0001	11.7 (8.0 to 17.0)	<0.0001
<30 ml/min/1.73 m²	81.1 (51.2 to 128.5)	<0.0001	65.9 (40.7 to 106.6)	<0.0001
Beta-lactam antibiotics
Piperacillin/tazobactam (≥3 vs <3 days)^*	2.32 (1.82 to 2.96)	<0.0001	1.70 (1.18 to 2.43)	0.004
Meropenem (≥3 vs <3 days)^*	0.99 (0.71 to 1.37)	0.94	NI	–
Cefuroxim (≥3 vs <3 days)^*	0.73 (0.57 to 0.94)	0.01	1.24 (0.85 to 1.80)	0.26

All variables entered in the multivariable analysis were adjusted for the other variables in this model.
↵* All beta-lactam drug exposures are 3 vs <3 days. eGFR was measured on day 7. If a day 7 measurement was not available, the last measurement before this day was used. All variables with a p value <0.2 were included in the multivariable model.
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; N, no; NI, not included; Y, yes.