Trends in age-adjusted and sex-adjusted cardiovascular risk factors among men and women aged 30–84 years in four Japanese communities from 1981 to 2005
| 1981–1985 | 1986–1990 | 1991–1995 | 1996–2000 | 2001–2005 | p for trend | |
| Men | ||||||
| N | 5350 | 4992 | 5175 | 5039 | 4900 | |
| Age, years | 55 | 56 | 58 | 59 | 60 | |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 137 | 134 | 133 | 134 | 133 | <0.01 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | <0.01 |
| Antihypertensive medication, % | 19.8 | 18.6 | 17.2 | 18.0 | 20.1 | 0.550 |
| Hypertension, % | 49.2 | 44.1 | 41.3 | 44.7 | 44.6 | <0.01 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.7 | 22.9 | 23.3 | 23.5 | 23.8 | <0.01 |
| Overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2), % | 26.2 | 29.2 | 29.6 | 33.5 | 34.7 | <0.01 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/litre | 4.75 | 4.89 | 4.98 | 5.13 | 5.23 | <0.01 |
| Total cholesterol ≥5.69 mmol/litre, % | 14.0 | 17.7 | 20.7 | 26.8 | 31.4 | <0.01 |
| Blood glucose, mmol/litre | 63.0 | 69.7 | 67.7 | 63.0 | 61.1 | <0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 3.8 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 9.7 | <0.01 |
| Heavy drinking (ethanol intake ≥46 g/day), % | 33.4 | 29.8 | 28.3 | 27.5 | 23.1 | <0.01 |
| Current smoking, % | 60.1 | 55.8 | 52.6 | 49.5 | 44.6 | <0.01 |
| ECG findings, % | ||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.731 |
| Ventricular premature contraction | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 0.039 |
| Supraventricular premature contraction | 3.3 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 0.547 |
| Major ST-T abnormality | 4.6 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 0.109 |
| Minor ST-T abnormality | 12.5 | 10.1 | 12.7 | 11.9 | 11.7 | 0.871 |
| PQ prolonged | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.298 |
| Complete/incomplete right bundle | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 6.1 | 6.7 | <0.01 |
| Wide QRS | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 4.1 | <0.01 |
| Abnormal Q wave | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.431 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 29.1 | 27.5 | 22.5 | 19.2 | 17.3 | <0.01 |
| Women | ||||||
| N | 7949 | 7781 | 8463 | 8436 | 8082 | |
| Age, years | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 134 | 132 | 130 | 130 | 128 | <0.01 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 79 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | <0.01 |
| Antihypertensive medication, % | 19.2 | 18.4 | 16.8 | 17.0 | 18.1 | <0.01 |
| Hypertension, % | 42.0 | 37.1 | 34.0 | 34.9 | 33.6 | <0.01 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.5 | 23.4 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 23.2 | <0.01 |
| Overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2), % | 34.4 | 33.4 | 31.1 | 30.9 | 28.0 | <0.01 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/litre | 5.09 | 5.24 | 5.27 | 5.44 | 5.49 | <0.01 |
| Total cholesterol ≥5.69 mmol/litre, % | 24.7 | 29.3 | 31.1 | 39.7 | 44.7 | <0.01 |
| Blood glucose, mmol/litre | 58.3 | 65.2 | 62.6 | 57.2 | 56.5 | <0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 2.1 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 4.4 | <0.01 |
| Heavy drinking (ethanol intake ≥46 g/day), % | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.109 |
| Current smoking, % | 6.3 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 7.1 | <0.01 |
| ECG findings, % | ||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | <0.01 |
| Ventricular premature contraction | 2.0 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 0.825 |
| Supraventricular premature contraction | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 0.316 |
| Major ST-T abnormality | 6.5 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.8 | <0.01 |
| Minor ST-T abnormality | 21.9 | 18.6 | 19.8 | 19.5 | 17.5 | <0.01 |
| PQ prolonged | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.212 |
| Complete/incomplete right bundle | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 0.099 |
| Wide QRS | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.751 |
| Abnormal Q wave | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.015 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 11.1 | 9.6 | 7.8 | 6.0 | 4.9 | <0.01 |
Data are mean values or percentages.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure.