Clinical characteristics of patients on the day of ARDS onset
| Characteristic | Total (n=85) | 60 days | Outcomes | p Value |
| Survivors (n=54) | Non-survivors (n=31) | |||
| Age (years)* | 75±10 | 75±11 | 76±10 | 0.60 |
| Sex (male/female) | 51/34 | 30/24 | 21/10 | 0.38 |
| Cigarette smoking | 33 | 17 | 16 | 0.11 |
| Presence of emphysema | 32 | 18 | 14 | 0.39 |
| Liver cirrhosis (%) | 6 (7.1) | 4 (7.4) | 2 (6.5) | >0.99 |
| Direct/indirect injury | 59/26 | 38/16 | 21/10 | 0.81 |
| PaO2:FiO2 | 96.2±45.6 | 96.5±45.0 | 96.2±47.5 | 0.90 |
| Causes of lung injury | ||||
| Pneumonia (%) | 32 (37.6) | 20 | 12 | >0.99 |
| Sepsis (%) | 24 (28.2) | 13 | 11 | 0.38 |
| Pulmonary (%) | 11 (12.9) | 5 | 6 | 0.20 |
| Extrapulmonary (%) | 13 (15.2) | 8 | 5 | >0.99 |
| Aspiration (%) | 22 (25.9) | 16 | 6 | 0.44 |
| Others (%) | 7 (8.2) | 5 | 2 | >0.99 |
| Lung injury score* | 3.2±0.5 | 3.3±0.5 | 3.3±0.5 | 0.88 |
| APACHE II score | 21.0±4.7 | 21.0±4.6 | 22.0±4.9 | 0.76 |
| SOFA score | 7.0±2.8 | 7.0±2.8 | 6.0±2.9 | 0.15 |
| McCabe score (1/2/3) | 78/5/2 | 49/4/1 | 29/1/1 | >0.99 |
| DIC score* † | 2.4±1.7 | 2.4±1.7 | 2.5±1.6 | 0.68 |
| White blood cell count (per mm3) | 10 600±6788 | 10 600±6178 | 10 600±7839 | 0.63 |
| C reactive protein (mg/dl) | 15.4±10.3 | 15.4±9.6 | 16.1±11.5 | 0.69 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.0±0.5 | 3.1±0.5 | 2.8±0.5 | 0.11 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (IU/l) | 308±185 | 301±147 | 339±235 | 0.29 |
| Platelet count (per mm3) | 20.1±10.7 | 20.7±11.0 | 18.9±10.3 | 0.94 |
| Days of CT scanning from ARDS onset (day) | 1.0±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | >0.99 |
| HRCT score† | 207±53 | 196±54 | 233±46 | 0.001 |
| Initial steroid therapy | ||||
| High dose | 14 | 7 | 7 | 0.36 |
| Low dose | 71 | 47 | 24 | 0.36 |
| Ventilatory variables | ||||
| Tidal volume, ml/kg predicted body weight | 8.0±0.8 | 8.0±0.7 | 8.0±0.9 | 0.54 |
| Plateau pressure, cmH2O | 21.5±4.2 | 21.0±3.8 | 23.0±4.7 | 0.34 |
| Initial PEEP, cmH2O | 8.0±3.4 | 8.0±2.5 | 8.0±4.3 | 0.18 |
Data are expressed as median ± SD.
↵* Data are mean ± SD. The p values refer to comparisons between survivors and non-survivors.
↵† Score ≥4 defined as disseminated intravascular coagulation from scoring system for The Japanese Association for Acute Medicine.
APACHE II, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; HRCT, high-resolution CT; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment.