Associations of substance abuse in relation to mortality (incidence rate ratios* with 95% CIs)
| N | All-cause mortality | Ischaemic heart disease | Cancer (all types) | Avoidable mortality: medical care indicators | Avoidable mortality: national health policy indicators | Suicide | Death from external causes (suicide excluded) | |
| Women | ||||||||
| No substance abuse disorder | 3 127 855 | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) |
| Substance abuse disorder, alcohol | 8185 | 7.7 (6.9–8.5) | 4.1 (0.6–29.3) | 2.3 (1.8–3.0) | 4.8 (3.2–7.2) | 13.8 (11.1–17.2) | 29.5 (22.1–39.4) | 22.6 (16.0–32.0) |
| Substance abuse disorder, narcotic-related drug abuse | 4589 | 6.6 (5.5–8.0) | 4.7 (2.3–9.4) | 2.7 (1.8–4.1) | 3.9 (1.9–8.2) | 6.1 (3.5–10.8) | 36.9 (25.8–52.8) | 22.9 (13.9–37.6) |
| Substance abuse disorder, both alcohol and narcotic-related drug abuse | 825 | 11.2 (8.0–15.7) | 8.7 (6.4–11.8) | 2.6 (1.0–6.9) | 3.7 (0.5–26.5) | 7.8 (2.5–24.1) | 54.4 (28.1–105.1) | 65.8 (32.7–132.4) |
| Men | ||||||||
| No substance abuse disorder | 3 122 976 | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) |
| Substance abuse disorder, alcohol | 20 429 | 5.5 (5.3–5.9) | 4.8 (4.2–5.5) | 2.0 (1.7–2.4) | 3.8 (3.1–4.7) | 7.5 (6.6–8.7) | 12.5 (10.4–14.9) | 12.8 (10.8–15.0) |
| Substance abuse disorder, narcotic-related drug abuse | 7753 | 9.4 (8.4–10.6) | 5.8 (3.9–8.7) | 2.7 (1.7–4.1) | 4.9 (2.6–9.1) | 4.1 (2.4–7.0) | 22.4 (17.7–28.4) | 22.5 (18.0–28.3) |
| Substance abuse disorder, both alcohol and narcotic-related drug abuse | 1727 | 14.5 (12.2–17.2) | 6.8 (3.7–12.7) | 2.5 (1.2–5.2) | 8.7 (3.9–19.4) | 16.0 (10.0–25.4) | 35.2 (24.2–51.2) | 29.3 (19.6–43.9) |
↵* Adjusted for age.