Associations of mental disorder and substance abuse in relation to mortality (incidence rate ratios* with 95% CIs)
| Mental disorder group | N | All-cause mortality | Ischaemic heart disease | Cancer (all types) | Avoidable mortality: medical care indicators | Avoidable mortality: national health policy indicators | Suicide | Death from external causes (suicide excluded) |
| Women | ||||||||
| No mental disorder | 3 039 954 | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) |
| Schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses with substance abuse disorder | 502 | 10.8 (7.1–16.6) | 5.7 (0.8–40.4) | 5.2 (2.2–12.6) | – | 21.5 (8.9–51.8) | 44.6 (14.3–138.8) | 43.1 (13.8–134.1) |
| Schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses without substance abuse disorder | 10 663 | 3.6 (3.2–4.0) | 4.1 (3.0–5.6) | 1.8 (1.5–2.3) | 3.5 (2.5–5.0) | 1.7 (1.0–2.7) | 24.2 (17.4–33.6) | 5.5 (3.1–9.8) |
| Affective disorder with substance abuse disorder | 1919 | 6.4 (4.9–8.3) | 3.5 (1.1–10.9) | 2.7 (1.5–4.8) | 3.4 (1.1–10.6) | 6.5 (3.1–13.6) | 61.1 (37.1–100.6) | 24.1 (11.4–50.8) |
| Affective disorder without substance abuse disorder | 35 326 | 2.3 (2.1–2.5) | 2.1 (1.6–2.7) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 2.2 (1.7–2.8) | 1.8 (1.3–2.3) | 20.3 (16.3–25.2) | 5.4 (3.9–7.5) |
| Anxiety disorder with substance abuse disorder | 1551 | 7.3 (5.4–9.8) | 10.9 (4.9–24.3) | 2.0 (0.9–4.4) | 1.7 (0.2–12.2) | 6.8 (2.8–16.4) | 63.1 (36.3–109.7) | 22.9 (9.5–55.4) |
| Anxiety disorder without substance abuse disorder | 31 139 | 2.4 (2.2–2.7) | 2.6 (1.9–3.5) | 1.7 (1.4–2.0) | 2.2 (1.6–3.0) | 2.2 (1.6–3.0) | 13.8 (10.5–18.2) | 4.5 (3.0–6.9) |
| Other mental disorder with substance abuse disorder | 387 | 17.0 (10.4–27.7) | – | – | 11.3 (1.6–80.4) | – | 171.6 (85.1–346.0) | 21.6 (3.0–153.5) |
| Other mental disorder without substance abuse disorder | 10 773 | 2.6 (2.3–3.0) | 2.9 (2.0–4.1) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 2.6 (1.8–3.8) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 10.0 (5.9–17.0) | 1.8 (0.7–4.9) |
| Substance abuse disorder without a psychiatric diagnosis | 9240 | 7.9 (7.1–8.7) | 8.4 (6.2–11.4) | 2.4 (1.9–3.1) | 5.3 (3.6–7.8) | 13.4 (10.7–16.7) | 39.8 (29.8–53.2) | 28.1 (20.5–38.5) |
| Men | ||||||||
| No mental disorder | 3 061 939 | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) | 1 (REF) |
| Schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses with substance abuse disorder | 1088 | 12.5 (9.8–15.9) | 4.9 (1.9–13.2) | 3.8 (1.7–8.4) | 5.3 (1.3–21.1) | 11 (5.2–23.1) | 41.3 (25.6–66.7) | 22.3 (12.3–40.3) |
| Schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses without substance abuse disorder | 10 905 | 4.2 (3.8–4.6) | 4.3 (3.4–5.3) | 1.8 (1.4–2.4) | 3.4 (2.3–4.9) | 2.5 (1.7–3.6) | 13.9 (10.7–17.9) | 4.9 (3.4–7.1) |
| Affective disorder with substance abuse disorder | 2237 | 6.7 (5.6–8.1) | 5.4 (3.4–8.6) | 1.6 (0.9–3.0) | 5.8 (3.0–11.2) | 5.3 (2.9–9.5) | 43.7 (31.8–60.2) | 11.3 (6.5–19.4) |
| Affective disorder without substance abuse disorder | 21 525 | 2.6 (2.4–2.8) | 2.0 (1.6–2.4) | 1.5 (1.2–1.7) | 2.8 (2.2–3.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 14.5 (12.1–17.4) | 4.3 (3.3–5.6) |
| Anxiety disorder with substance abuse disorder | 1900 | 9.7 (7.9–11.8) | 7.7 (4.5–13.2) | 2.5 (1.2–4.9) | 2.5 (0.6–10.2) | 8.9 (4.9–16.1) | 27.7 (17.8–43.1) | 24.8 (16.3–37.8) |
| Anxiety disorder without substance abuse disorder | 19 309 | 2.2 (2.0–2.5) | 2.4 (1.8–3.1) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 2.3 (1.6–3.4) | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 6.5 (4.9–8.6) | 2.7 (1.8–4.0) |
| Other mental disorder with substance abuse disorder | 380 | 9.8 (6.7–14.4) | 21.0 (11.3–39.0) | 2.3 (0.6–9.1) | 8.7 (2.2–35.0) | – | 47.6 (22.6–100.1) | 10.6 (2.7–42.5) |
| Other mental disorder without substance abuse disorder | 9298 | 2.5 (2.2–2.8) | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 3.5 (2.7–4.7) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 5.4 (3.5–8.4) | 2.3 (1.4–3.9) |
| Substance abuse disorder without a psychiatric diagnosis | 24 304 | 6.1 (5.8–6.4) | 4.8 (4.2–5.5) | 2.1 (1.8–2.4) | 4.0 (3.3–5.0) | 7.7 (6.7–8.8) | 14.8 (12.5–17.6) | 16.1 (14.0–18.6) |
↵* Adjusted for age.