Characteristics of the CRONICAS Study settings
| Setting | Degree of urbanisation | Use of biomass fuels | Outdoor air pollution | Altitude |
| Lima | Highly urbanised | Rare | High | Sea level |
| Tumbes | Semi-urban | Highly prevalent | Low | Sea level |
| Puno, urban | Urban | Rare | Low | 3825 m above sea level |
| Puno, rural | Rural | Highly prevalent | Low | 3825 m above sea level |