All men eligible for the incidence study
Cumulative incidence, % | HR* | HR† | HR‡ | HR§ | |
Age | |||||
Youngest half (max 48 y), n=2436 | 7.6 | NA | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ |
Oldest half (>48 y), n=2470 | 16.0 | 2.72 (2.27 to 3.26) | 2.33 (1.95 to 2.79) | 2.42 (2.01 to 2.92) | |
Smoking | |||||
Current, n=3522 | 12.7 | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ |
Previous, n=937 | 9.9 | 0.66 (0.53 to 0.82) | 0.68 (0.54 to 0.86) | 0.57 (0.45 to 0.71) | 0.60 (0.47 to 0.75) |
Never, n=446 | 9.0 | 0.59 (0.43 to 0.81) | 0.63 (0.44 to 0.86) | 0.50 (0.36 to 0.69) | 0.51 (0.36 to 0.71) |
Alcohol, beverages/d | |||||
0, n=1658 | 12.6 | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ |
1–2, n=2315 | 10.6 | 0.84 (0.70 to 1.01) | 0.82 (0.68 to 0.99) | 0.84 (0.69 to 1.00) | 0.84 (0.69 to 1.02) |
3–5, n=764 | 13.1 | 1.18 (0.93 to 1.49) | 1.06 (0.83 to 1.36) | 1.07 (0.84 to 1.36) | 0.87 (0.68 to 1.13) |
6+, n=151 | 16.6 | 1.97 (1.30 to 2.99) | 1.73 (1.13 to 2.65) | 1.63 (1.06 to 2.50) | 1.14 (0.73 to 1.77) |
Leisure-time physical activity | |||||
Low, n=798 | 15.4 | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ |
Medium, n=3478 | 11.3 | 0.68 (0.56 to 0.84) | 0.71 (0.58 to 0.87) | 0.70 (0.57 to 0.86) | 0.73 (0.59 to 0.89) |
High, n=498 | 8.1 | 0.51 (0.35 to 0.73) | 0.54 (0.38 to 0.78) | 0.57 (0.40 to 0.82) | 0.62 (0.43 to 0.90) |
BMI | |||||
−25, n=2358 | 10.1 | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ |
>25 to 28, n=1710 | 11.9 | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.34) | 1.14 (0.94 to 1.38) | 0.97 (0.80 to 1.18) | 0.96 (0.79 to 1.56) |
>28, n=829 | 16.7 | 1.66 (1.34 to 2.04) | 1.67 (1.34 to 2.08) | 1.25 (1.0 to 1.56) | 1.23 (0.97 to 1.56) |
Systolic BP, mm Hg | |||||
−120, n=1383 | 6.4 | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ |
>120 to 150, n=2869 | 12.6 | 2.01 (1.59 to 2.53) | 2.09 (1.65 to 2.66) | 1.65 (1.29 to 2.11) | 1.80 (1.40 to 2.34) |
>150, n=650 | 20.2 | 3.32 (2.52 to 4.36) | 3.54 (2.67 to 4.70) | 2.02 (1.44 to 2.85) | 2.42 (1.72 to 3.41) |
Diastolic BP, mm Hg | |||||
−75, n=1421 | 8.3 | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ |
>75 to 90, n=2736 | 11.4 | 1.38 (1.11 to 1.70) | 1.48 (1.19 to 1.84) | 1.16 (0.93 to 1.45) | 1.12 (0.89 to 1.42) |
>90, n=745 | 20.0 | 2.79 (2.12 to 3.44) | 2.91 (2.26 to 3.75) | 1.66 (1.21 to 2.27) | 1.74 (1.27 to 2.37) |
Hypertension** | |||||
No, n=4826 | 11.6 | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ |
Yes, n=77 | 27.3 | 2.41 (1.56 to 3.73) | 2.36 (1.52 to 3.66) | 1.38 (0.87 to 2.17) | 1.46 (0.92 to 2.30) |
Physical fitness (VO2max) | |||||
15–26, n=882 | 16.7 | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ |
27–38, n=3017 | 11.5 | 0.74 (0.61 to 0.90) | 0.76 (0.62 to 0.93) | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.07) | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.08) |
39–78, n=1007 | 8.5 | 0.56 (0.43 to 0.73) | 0.60 (0.45 to 0.80) | 0.77 (0.57 to 1.02) | 0.78 (0.58 to 1.05) |
Psychological pressure at work | |||||
No, n=3834 | 12.2 | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ |
Yes, n=1060 | 10.5 | 0.86 (0.70 to 1.05) | 0.86 (0.70 to 1.07) | 0.84 (0.68 to 1.04) | 0.88 (0.70 to 1.10) |
Psychological pressure at leisure | |||||
No, n=4556 | 11.8 | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ |
Yes, n=332 | 12.7 | 1.11 (0.81 to 1.53) | 1.04 (0.75 to 1.44) | 1.17 (0.85 to 1.60) | 1.14 (0.81 to 1.61) |
Work, h/week | |||||
<40, n=628 | 8.3 | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ |
40–45, n=3366 | 12.9 | 1.62 (1.22 to 2.16) | 1.57 (1.17 to 2.10) | 1.57 (1.17 to 2.09) | 1.25 (0.92 to 1.69) |
>45, n=911 | 10.2 | 1.28 (0.91 to 1.79) | 1.33 (0.94 to 1.88) | 1.26 (0.89 to 1.77) | 1.12 (0.79 to 1.59) |
Social class | |||||
High (I, II, III), n=2196 | 9.1 | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ | 1¶ |
Low (IV, V), n=2688 | 14.0 | 1.72 (1.45 to 2.05) | 1.61 (1.35 to 1.93) | 1.72 (1.45 to 2.05) | 1.48 (1.22 to 1.79) |
Lifestyle and other predictors of IHD mortality (n=579, 11.8%) during the 30-year follow-up 1970/1971 to 2001. Statistically significant results are highlighted in bold.
↵* Adjusted for age.
↵† Adjusted for age + lifestyle (smoking, leisure-time physical activity, alcohol).
↵‡ Adjusted for age + clinical factors (BMI, BP including treatment for, physical fitness).
↵§ Age + all other confounders/risk factors (lifestyle, clinical factors, psychosocial stress at work and leisure, number of work hours and social class).
↵¶ Reference category.
↵** Receives doctor's treatment due to hypertension.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; NA, not applicable.