Association between passive smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease* by year among participants in the Health Survey for England
| All participants | Never smokers | ||||
| 1995 | 1996 | 2001 | Combined years | Combined years | |
| Adjusted† OR (95% CI) | Adjusted† OR (95% CI) | Adjusted† OR (95% CI) | Adjusted‡ OR (95% CI) | Adjusted‡ OR (95% CI) | |
| n | 6278 | 6669 | 5571 | 18 518 | 7789 |
| Age (years) | |||||
| 40–49 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.0 |
| 50–59 | 1.57 (1.22 to 2.02) | 1.25 (0.97 to 1.61) | 1.39 (1.04 to 1.87) | 1.40 (1.20 to 1.63) | 0.99 (0.73 to 1.34) |
| 60–69 | 2.34 (1.82 to 3.02) | 1.75 (1.35 to 2.25) | 1.74 (1.27 to 2.40) | 1.95 (1.67 to 2.28) | 1.19 (0.88 to 1.62) |
| 70–79 | 3.43 (2.62 to 4.48) | 2.52 (1.92 to 3.31) | 2.43 (1.75 to 3.39) | 2.80 (2.38 to 3.31) | 2.09 (1.54 to 2.84) |
| 80+ | 4.22 (2.93 to 6.07) | 3.52 (2.43 to 5.10) | 4.18 (2.69 to 6.50) | 3.92 (3.13 to 4.90) | 3.18 (2.20 to 4.61) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 0.79 (0.67 to 0.94) | 0.90 (0.75 to 1.08) | 0.97 (0.79 to 1.21) | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.97) | 0.97 (0.79 to 1.20) |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never regular smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
| Ex-regular smoker | 1.43 (1.15 to 1.78) | 1.46 (1.15 to 1.85) | 1.64 (1.25 to 2.14) | 1.50 (1.30 to 1.72) | – |
| Current smoker | 3.78 (3.03 to 4.72) | 4.07 (3.23 to 5.13) | 3.99 (3.02 to 5.25) | 3.94 (3.43 to 4.52) | – |
| Socioeconomic status (occupation) | |||||
| Non-manual | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Manual/other | 1.17 (0.99 to 1.39) | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.47) | 1.29 (1.05 to 1.60) | 1.22 (1.10 to 1.36) | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.27) |
| Passive smoking exposure (h/week) | |||||
| 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–19 | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.20) | 1.13 (0.92 to 1.38) | 1.03 (0.82 to 1.30) | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.18) | 1.14 (0.91 to 1.42) |
| 20+ | 1.07 (0.83 to 1.39) | 1.27 (0.97 to 1.65) | 1.28 (0.91 to 1.81) | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.39) | 1.17 (0.78 to 1.76) |
| Year | |||||
| 1995 | – | – | – | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 1996 | – | – | – | 0.79 (0.70 to 0.89) | 0.75 (0.59 to 0.95) |
| 2001 | – | – | – | 0.70 (0.62 to 0.80) | 0.66 (0.51 to 0.85) |
↵* Lower limit of normal (LLN) criteria24 25: participants with FEV1/FVC values >1.645 SD below the mean reference value.
↵† Adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, socioeconomic status and passive smoking exposure.
↵‡ Adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, socioeconomic status, year of study and passive smoking exposure.