Table 1

Performance of the clinical tests for SIS (from Cools et al16), described as if performed on the right shoulder

Introduction	I am going to perform four shoulder tests on you. For each different test I will ask if you experience any pain, and you must answer either yes or no. Sometimes I will ask if the pain is in the front or the back of your shoulder, and you use your judgement. Pain down to the insertion of the deltoid muscle is accepted as a positive response (show!).
Preparation	For Jobe's test a line is marked on the floor, on which the subject is asked to stand. On this line an angle of 40° is marked, which is used to point out the plane of the scapula.

	Description	Placing of hands, etc	Evaluation
Jobe's	Subject is standing. The right shoulder is elevated 90° in the plane of the scapula and maximally internally rotated (empty can position). The examiner resists further elevation of the arm (isometric hold).	The left hand of the examiner is placed on the arm of the subject proximally to the wrist and downward pressure is applied.	Does this hurt your shoulder? Yes/no
Neer's	Subject is sitting. The scapula is fixated/stabilised in a depressed position, while the shoulder is maximally forwardly flexed.	The left hand of the examiner is placed over the scapula. The right hand grasps distally to the elbow, and subsequently passively flexes the right shoulder of the subject.	Does this hurt your shoulder? Yes/no Does it hurt in the front of the shoulder or in the back?
Hawkins'	Subject is sitting on the examination table. The shoulder is placed in 90° of forward flexion and passively internally rotated as far as possible (elbow flexed 90°).	The examiner stands in front of the subject. The right arm of the subject is placed in 90° of flexion. The left hand of the examiner is placed on the left shoulder of the subject, and serves to support the right arm of the subject. The examiner grasps the right arm of the subject proximally to the wrist and performs internal rotation of the right shoulder of the subject as far as possible.	Does this hurt your shoulder? Yes/no
Apprehension	Subject is supine on the examination table. The subject is asked to move to the edge of the table. The shoulder is placed in 90° of horizontal abduction and is externally rotated to the end of range.	The examiner grasps the lower arm and performs a passive external rotation. The right hand of the examiner grasps the humerus for support.	Does this hurt your shoulder? Yes/no Does it hurt in the front of the shoulder or in the back?

Results are noted on the score sheet by the examiner.
SIS, subacromial impingement syndrome.