Factors associated with GDM
| Variables | Presence of GDM | Crude OR (COR) | Adjusted OR (AOR) | P value for the AOR | |
| Yes (%) (n=159) | No (%) (n=477) | ||||
| Overweight* | |||||
| Yes | 137 (86.2) | 325 (68.1) | 2.91 (1.78, 4.75) | 1.51 (0.71, 3.21) | 0.28 |
| No | 22 (13.8) | 152 (31.9) | 1 | 1 | |
| Obesity* |
| ||||
| Yes | 106 (66.7) | 102 (21.4) | 7.35 (4.95, 10.92) | 2.80 (1.58, 4.90) | <0.01 |
| No | 53 (33.3) | 375 (78.6) | 1 | 1 | |
| Age group, years | |||||
| 20–24 | 7 (4.4) | 76 (15.9) | 1 | 1 | |
| 25–29 | 42 (26.4) | 177 (37.1) | 2.58 (1.11, 5.99) | 1.06 (0.54, 2.05) | 0.86 |
| 30–35 | 62 (39.0) | 160 (33.5) | 4.21 (1.84, 9.63) | 1.05 (0.48, 2.28) | 0.91 |
| ≥36 | 48 (30.2) | 64 (13.4) | 8.14 (3.45, 19.24) | 1.45 (0.23, 8.90) | 0.69 |
| Gravidity | |||||
| Primigravida | 20 (12.6) | 115 (24.1) | 1 | 1 | |
| Multigravida | 95 (59.7) | 276 (57.9) | 1.98 (1.17, 3.36) | 0.80 (0.41, 1.57) | 0,52 |
| Grand multigravida | 44 (27.7) | 86 (18.0) | 2.94 (1.62, 5.35) | 0.72 (0.36, 1.44) | 0.35 |
| History of macrosomic baby | |||||
| Yes | 42 (30.2) | 64 (17.7) | 2.01 (1.28, 3.17) | 1.06 (0.59, 1.92) | 0.84 |
| No | 97 (69.8) | 298 (82.3) | 1 | 1 | |
| History of abortion | |||||
| Yes | 50 (36.0) | 66 (18.2) | 2.52 (1.63, 3.90) | 1.58 (0.78, 3.12) | 0.20 |
| No | 89 (64.0) | 296 (81.8) | 1 | ||
| History of stillbirth | |||||
| Yes | 17 (12.2) | 30 (8.3) | 1.54 (0.82, 2.90) | 0.91 (0.40, 2.07) | 0.82 |
| No | 122 (87.8) | 332 (91.7) | 1 | ||
| History of GDM | |||||
| Yes | 20 (14.4) | 32 (8.8) | 1.73 (0.95,3.15) | 1.05 (0.48,2.30) | 0.91 |
| No | 119 (85.6) | 330 (91.2) | 1 | ||
| First-degree relative having GDM | |||||
| Yes | 21 (13.2) | 19 (4.0) | 3.67 (1.92, 7.02) | 1.16 (0.47, 2.87) | 0.75 |
| No | 138 (86.8) | 458 (96.0) | 1 | ||
| History of caesarean delivery | |||||
| Yes | 85 (61.2) | 104 (28.7) | 3.90 (2.59, 5.88) | 1.91 (1.14, 3.21) | 0.01 |
| No | 54 (38.8) | 258 (71.3) | 1 | 1 | |
| Family history of T2DM | |||||
| Yes | 90 (56.6) | 139 (29.1) | 3.17 (2.19, 4.59) | 1.37 (0.79, 2.36) | 0.26 |
| No | 69 (43.4) | 338 (70.9) | 1 | 1 | |
| Minimum Dietary Diversification Score | |||||
| Adequate (≥5) | 64 (40.3) | 395 (82.8) | 1 | 1 | |
| Inadequate (<5) | 95 (59.7) | 82 (17.2) | 7.15 (4.81, 10.63) | 3.55 (2.15, 5.86) | <0.01 |
| Level of physical activity | |||||
| High | 12 (7.5) | 131 (27.5) | 0.09 (0.05, 0.18) | 0.28 (0.12, 0.67) | <0.01 |
| Moderate | 77 (48.4) | 276 (57.9) | 0.28 (0.18, 0.42) | 0.56 (0.25, 1.26) | 0.16 |
| Low | 70 (44.0) | 70 (14.7) | 1 | 1 | |
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.