Dietary, lifestyle, obstetric and medical-related characteristics
| Variables | Presence of GDM | ||
| Yes (%) | No (%) | ||
| Overweight* | Yes | 137 (86.2) | 325 (68.1) |
| No | 22 (13.8) | 152 (31.9) | |
| Obesity* | Yes | 106 (66.7) | 102 (21.4) |
| No | 53 (33.3) | 375 (78.6) | |
| Gravidity | Primigravida | 20 (12.6) | 115 (24.1) |
| Multigravida | 95 (59.7) | 276 (57.9) | |
| Grand multigravida | 44 (27.7) | 86 (18.0) | |
| Parity | Nulliparous | 25 (15.7) | 137 (28.7) |
| Multiparous | 130 (81.8) | 328 (68.8) | |
| Grand parous | 4 (2.5) | 12 (2.5) | |
| History of macrosomic babies | Yes | 42 (30.2) | 64 (17.7) |
| No | 97 (69.8) | 298 (82.3) | |
| History of caesarean delivery | Yes | 85 (61.2) | 104 (28.7) |
| No | 54 (38.8) | 258 (71.3) | |
| History of abortion or miscarriage | Yes | 50 (36.0) | 66 (18.2) |
| No | 89 (64.0) | 296 (81.8) | |
| History of stillbirth | Yes | 17 (12.2) | 30 (8.3) |
| No | 122 (87.8) | 332 (91.7) | |
| History of previous GDM | Yes | 20 (14.4) | 32 (8.8) |
| No | 119 (85.6) | 330 (91.2) | |
| Family history of T2DM | Yes | 90 (56.6) | 139 (29.1) |
| No | 69 (43.4) | 338 (70.9) | |
| First-degree relative having GDM | Yes | 21 (13.2) | 19 (4.0) |
| No | 138 (86.8) | 458 (96.0) | |
| Minimum Dietary Diversity Score | Adequate (≥5) | 64 (40.3) | 395 (82.8) |
| Inadequate (<5) | 95 (59.7) | 82 (17.2) | |
| Levels of physical activity | High | 12 (7.5) | 131 (27.5) |
| Moderate | 77 (48.4) | 276 (57.9) | |
| Low | 70 (44.0) | 70 (14.7) | |
*We used mutually exclusive categories for weight: Overweight in pregnancy was defined as a MUAC of 28 to less than 31, while obesity in pregnancy was defined as a MUAC of 31 or higher.
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.