The comparisons among the non-PLEs group, the current PLEs group and the remitted PLEs group
| Overall (N=4208) | Non-PLEs (N=1989) | Remitted PLEs (N=1701) | Current PLEs (N=518) | F/χ2 | P value | Post hoc pairwise comparisons | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 18.59 (0.95) | 18.64 (0.96) | 18.50 (0.89) | 18.68 (1.03) | 12.26 | <0.001 | A≠B; B≠C |
| Sex | 63.67 | <0.001 | A≠B; A≠C | ||||
| Male, N (%) | 1887 (44.84) | 1020 (51.28) | 658 (38.68) | 209 (40.35) | |||
| Female, N (%) | 2321 (55.16) | 969 (48.72) | 1043 (61.32) | 309 (59.65) | |||
| Ethnicity | 1.131 | 0.568 | n.s. | ||||
| Han*, N (%) | 4059 (96.53) | 1914 (96.23) | 1647 (96.83) | 498 (96.14) | |||
| Birthplaces | 13.86 | 0.008 | A≠B; A≠C | ||||
| Urban, N (%) | 1209 (28.73) | 596 (29.96) | 496 (29.16) | 117 (22.59) | |||
| Town, N (%) | 1021 (24.26) | 459 (23.08) | 431 (25.34) | 131 (25.28) | |||
| Rural, N (%) | 1978 (47.01) | 934 (46.96) | 774 (45.50) | 270 (52.12) | |||
| Parental marital status | 12.1 | 0.002 | A≠B; A≠C | ||||
| Married, N (%) | 3799 (90.28) | 1828 (91.91) | 1516 (89.12) | 455 (87.84) | |||
| Not currently married†, N (%) | 409 (9.72) | 161 (8.09) | 185 (10.88) | 63 (12.16) | |||
| Left-behind child status‡ (yes), N (%) | 1384 (32.89) | 560 (28.15) | 620 (36.45) | 204 (39.38) | 39.86 | <0.001 | A≠B; A≠C |
| Family history of mental disorders (yes), N (%) | 154 (3.66) | 49 (2.46) | 72 (4.23) | 33 (6.37) | 20.45 | <0.001 | A≠B; A≠C |
| Chronic physical illness§ (yes), N (%) | 429 (10.19) | 121 (6.08) | 229 (13.46) | 79 (15.25) | 71.03 | <0.001 | A≠B; A≠C |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||||
| Smoking, N (%) | 106 (2.52) | 40 (2.01) | 39 (2.29) | 27 (5.21) | 17.75 | <0.001 | A≠C; B≠C |
| Alcohol intake, N (%) | 169 (4.02) | 46 (2.31) | 77 (4.53) | 46 (8.88) | 47.92 | <0.001 | A≠B; B≠C; A≠C |
| Lack of exercise, N (%) | 2457 (58.39) | 1122 (55.91) | 994 (58.44) | 351 (67.76) | 23.77 | <0.001 | A≠C; B≠C |
| Psychosocial factors | |||||||
| Childhood traumas¶, mean (SD) | 43.74 (9.14) | 41.63 (7.84) | 44.41 (8.88) | 49.60 (11.47) | 177.43 | <0.001 | A≠B; B≠C; A≠C |
| Recent adverse life events**, Mean (SD) | 39.82 (12.35) | 34.97 (9.26) | 42.27 (11.51) | 50.35 (15.93) | 456.52 | <0.001 | A≠B; B≠C; A≠C |
| Resilience††, Mean (SD) | 95.45 (13.93) | 100.13 (13.93) | 92.94 (12.23) | 85.73 (11.92) | 304.6 | <0.001 | A≠B; B≠C; A≠C |
| Social support‡‡, Mean (SD) | 64.84 (13.47) | 67.33 (13.78) | 64.15 (12.04) | 57.59 (13.84) | 117.53 | <0.001 | A≠B; B≠C; A≠C |
| Affective symptoms | |||||||
| Depressive symptoms§§,N (%) | 2060 (48.95) | 534 (26.85) | 1071 (62.96) | 455 (87.84) | 835.97 | <0.001 | A≠B; B≠C; A≠C |
| Anxiety symptoms¶¶, N (%) | 1815 (43.13) | 435 (21.87) | 945 (55.55) | 435 (83.98) | 825.93 | <0.001 | A≠B; B≠C; A≠C |
| Self-reported sleep problems | |||||||
| Difficulty falling asleep, N (%) | 1728 (41.06) | 590 (29.66) | 811 (47.68) | 327 (63.13) | 241.76 | <0.001 | A≠B; B≠C; A≠C |
| Waking up easily at night, N (%) | 1056 (25.10) | 305 (15.33) | 514 (30.22) | 237 (45.75) | 242.15 | <0.001 | A≠B; B≠C; A≠C |
| Early wakening, N (%) | 1559 (37.05) | 556 (27.95) | 698 (41.03) | 305 (58.88) | 187.99 | <0.001 | A≠B; B≠C; A≠C |
For post hoc comparisons, A=non-PLEs group, B=remitted PLEs, C=current PLEs; A≠B indicates that a significant difference between group A and group B (p<0.05).
*Han is the major ethnic group in China.
†Not currently married included separated, divorced and widowed.
‡Referring to those left behind in their hometown by one or both of their migrant worker parents.
§Referring to those have at least one of arthritis, angina, asthma, diabetes, visual impairment or hearing problems.
¶The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to assess self-reported experiences of childhood traumas before the age of 16.
**The Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist was used to assess adverse life events in the past 12 months.
††The 27-item Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents was used to evaluate the resilience.
‡‡The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support was used to assess individual perceived social support.
§§Screen positive for depressive symptoms as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥5.
¶¶Screen positive for anxiety symptoms as measured by the Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale score ≥5.
PLE, psychotic-like experience.