Table 2

Annual changes in the main causes of under-five deaths of China from 1996 to 2020

Cause of death	Time period	APC (%)	95% CI	P value	AAPC	95% CI	P value
National
Preterm birth/low birth weight	1996–2002	−0.59	(−4.78∼3.79)	0.779	−7.33*	(−8.40∼−6.24)	<0.001
	2002–2020	−9.47*	(−10.21∼−8.73)	<0.001	−7.33*	(−8.40∼−6.24)	<0.001
Birth asphyxia	1996–2001	−1.98	(−7.10∼3.42)	0.441	−8.31*	(−10.31∼−6.26)	<0.001
	2001–2018	−11.45*	(−12.26∼−10.64)	<0.001
	2018–2020	4.45	(−10.21∼−8.73)	0.707
Pneumonia	1996–2002	−7.55*	(−11.70∼−3.20)	0.003	−10.77*	(−13.96∼−7.46)	<0.001
	2002–2005	−22.51	(−40.96∼1.71)	0.064
	2005–2016	−6.71*	(−8.67∼−4.72)	<0.001
	2016–2020	−16.77*	(−23.63∼−9.30)	<0.001
Congenital heart disease	1996–2001	6.99*	(1.65∼12.61)	0.013	−3.25*	(−4.66∼−1.81)	<0.001
	2001–2011	−3.73*	(−5.72∼−1.70)	0.001
	2011–2020	−7.99*	(−9.89∼−6.05)	<0.001
Accidental asphyxia	1996–2020	−4.93*	(−5.65∼−4.20)	<0.001	−4.93*	(−5.65∼−4.20)	<0.001
Urban
Preterm birth/low birth weight	1996–2001	2.30	(−6.60∼12.04)	0.608	−4.47*	(−6.35∼−2.54)	<0.001
	2001–2020	−6.17*	(−9.89∼−6.05)	<0.001	−4.47*	(−6.35∼−2.54)	<0.001
Birth asphyxia	1996–2002	−2.93	(−10.03∼4.74)	0.424	−8.36*	(−10.22∼−6.46)	<0.001
	2002–2020	−10.10*	(−11.39∼−8.79)	<0.001	−8.36*	(−10.22∼−6.46)	<0.001
Pneumonia	1996–2020	−6.24*	(−7.03∼−5.45)	<0.001	−6.24*	(−7.03∼−5.45)	<0.001
Congenital heart disease	1996–2001	4.17	(−5.27∼14.56)	0.380	−6.65*	(−8.58∼−4.69)	<0.001
	2001–2020	−9.31*	(−10.45∼−8.16)	<0.001	−6.65*	(−8.58∼−4.69)	<0.001
Accidental asphyxia	1996–2020	−1.70*	(−3.03∼−0.34)	0.017	−1.70*	(−3.03∼−0.34)	0.017
Rural
Preterm birth/low birth weight	1996–2008	−4.75*	(−6.30∼−3.17)	<0.001	−7.98*	(−8.98∼−6.97)	<0.001
	2008–2020	−11.10*	(−12.55∼−9.63)	<0.001	−7.98*	(−8.98∼−6.97)	<0.001
Birth asphyxia	1996–2000	0.63	(−7.08∼8.98)	0.870	−8.00*	(−10.17∼−5.78)	<0.001
	2000–2018	−10.96*	(−11.74∼−10.17)	<0.001
	2018–2020	3.18	(−19.81∼32.76)	0.796
Pneumonia	1996–2002	−7.67*	(−12.00∼−3.14)	0.003	−10.70*	(−14.03∼−7.24)	<0.001
	2002–2005	−21.54	(−40.93∼4.22)	0.088
	2005–2016	−6.29*	(−8.34∼−4.19)	<0.001
	2016–2020	−18.04	(−25.07∼−10.34)	<0.001
Congenital heart disease	1996–1999	13.93*	(0.45∼29.21)	0.043	−2.10*	(−3.89∼−0.28)	0.024
	1999–2011	−1.16	(−2.82∼0.53)	0.165
	2011–2020	−8.11*	(−10.20∼−5.98)	<0.001
Accidental asphyxia	1996–2020	−4.54*	(−5.31∼−3.77)	<0.001	−4.54*	(−5.31∼−3.77)	<0.001

*Indicates that the index is significantly different from zero at the a=0.05 level.
AAPC, average annual percentage rate change; APC, annual percentage rate change.