Baseline characteristics of the study population stratified by incidence of diabetes/no diabetes (median 7.3 years of follow-up)
| Diabetes, incidence (N=104) | No diabetes, incidence (N=1138) | P value | |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 51 (49.0) | 455 (40.0) | 0.072 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 62.5 (6.0) | 61.7 (6.1) | 0.223 |
| University studies, n (%) | 24 (23.1) | 371 (32.7) | 0.018 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 22 (21.2) | 179 (15.7) | 0.211 |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 51 (49.0) | 547 (48.2) | 0.862 |
| Sedentarism, n (%) | 46 (44.2) | 448 (39.6) | 0.363 |
| Family history of DM, n (%) | 36 (35.0) | 356 (31.3) | 0.450 |
| Family history of arterial hypertension, n (%) | 51 (49.5) | 565 (49.9) | 0.945 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 49 (47.1) | 351 (30.9) | 0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 2 (1.9) | 36 (3.2) | 0.482 |
| Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (0.9) | 0.338 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 2 (1.9) | 23 (2.0) | 0.943 |
| Chronic atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 3.8 (4) | 2.3 (26) | 0.325 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 47 (45.2) | 515 (45.3) | 0.984 |
| GFRe ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (1.2) | 0.255 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 64 (61.5) | 332 (29.2) | <0.001 |
| Renin-angiotensin system blockers, n (%) | 37 (35.6) | 231 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| Statins, n (%) | 25 (24.0) | 275 (24.2) | 0.977 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 3 (2.9) | 73 (6.4) | 0.151 |
| Anticoagulants, n (%) | 1 (1.0) | 13 (1.1) | 0.867 |
| Waist circumference, cm, mean (SD) | 101.3 (11.1) | 93.2 (11.8) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 30.6 (5.0) | 27.8 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 129.3 (18.1) | 122.8 (16.6) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 79.4 (9.4) | 76.6 (9.8) | 0.005 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 112.2 (14.3) | 99.5 (9.3) | <0.001 |
| Plasma glucose 2 hours, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 136.5 (34.4) | 113.2 (29.5) | <0.001 |
| Impaired glucose tolerance, n (%) | 52 (50.0) | 209 (18.4) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | 5.9 (0.4) | 5.6 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Mediterranean diet score (PREDIMED), mean (SD) | 14.0 (0.1) | 13.9 (0.9) | 0.429 |
| Psychological status | |||
| PHQ-9 ≥10 (high risk), n (%) | 22 (21.2) | 122 (10.7) | 0.001 |
| Health perception (self-reported) | |||
| Excellent, n (%) | 4 (3.9) | 32 (2.8) | 0.001 |
| Very good, n (%) | 12 (11.5) | 236 (20.9) | |
| Good, n (%) | 59 (56.7) | 642 (57) | |
| Regular, n (%) | 24 (23.1) | 211 (18.7) | |
| Bad, n (%) | 5 (4.8) | 6 (0.5) | |
| Diabetes risk scores | |||
| FINDRISC, mean (SD) | 13.9 (4.7) | 10.8 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| DESIR, mean (SD) | 12.4 (1.4) | 11.8 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| ADA, mean (SD) | 5.9 (1.4) | 5.0 (1.5) | <0.001 |
Bold means p <0.05
ADA, American Diabetes Association risk score; BMI, body mass index; DESIR, Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome; DM, diabetes mellitus; FINDRISC, Finish Diabetes Risk Score.