Table 4

Factors associated with novices’ current smoking

Selected factorCrude OR (95% CI)P valueAdjusted OR (95% CI)P value
Intrapersonal-level factors
Age (years)1.110 (1.072, 1.150)<0.0011.083 (1.021, 1.150)0.008
Year of ordination1.049 (1.018, 1.082)0.0020.972 (0.924, 1.023)0.281
Region of residence
 Central & Bangkok1 (reference)
 Northeast1.494 (1.206, 1.852)<0.0011.235 (0.948, 1.608)0.118
 North0.712 (0.569, 0.892)0.0030.795 (0.602, 1.049)0.105
 South2.358 (1.655, 3.359)<0.0011.896 (1.216, 2.956)0.005
Had tried smoking
 Never1 (reference)
 Had8.187 (7.142, 9.385)<0.0016.068 (5.162, 7.133)<0.001
Had studied tobacco-related topics in a classroom
 Yes1 (reference)
 No1.241 (1.086, 1.417)0.0011.063 (0.875, 1.291)0.539
Received any anti‐smoking information
 Yes1 (reference)
 No1.575 (1.329, 1.865)<0.0010.814 (0.634, 1.044)0.105
Interpersonal-level factors
Parents’ smoking
 No1 (reference)
 Yes2.986 (2.628, 3.393)<0.0011.952 (1.672, 2.278)<0.001
Respected monks’ smoking
 No1 (reference)
 Yes3.126 (2.761, 3.538)<0.0011.645 (1.397, 1.938)<0.001
Institution-level factors
Perceived that schools are smoke-free areas including e-cigarettes
 Yes1 (reference)
 No1.148 (1.007, 1.309)0.0391.227 (1.018, 1.479)0.032
Noticed a no-smoking sign in the school
 Yes1 (reference)
 No0.879 (0.746, 1.035)0.1210.859 (0.682, 1.083)0.199
Exposed to secondhand smoke in the places of their daily living
 No1 (reference)
 Yes4.779 (4.151, 5.503)<0.0012.374 (1.987, 2.849)<0.001
Community-level and policy-level factors
Noticed tobacco advertisements at the point of sale
 No1 (reference)
 Yes2.565 (2.269, 2.900)<0.0011.534 (1.288, 1.827)<0.001
Noticed tobacco advertisements through various online social media
 No1 (reference)
 Yes2.199 (1.949, 2.481)<0.0011.414 (1.186, 1.685)<0.001
Noticed any form of tobacco promotion
 No1 (reference)
 Yes3.108 (2.681, 3.608)<0.0011.909 (1.565, 2.327)<0.001
  • Significant entries in table 4 are highlighted in bold typeface.

  • e-cigarettes, electronic cigarettes.