Summarisation in data extraction of included studies
| Authors | Age | Location | Sample size | Contact points | Intervention focus |
| Burgi et al28 2012 | 5.2 years (SD=0.6) | Switzerland | n=652 | Health promoters (volunteers) and preschool teacher | Sessions of physical activity (PA) for children, workshops for teachers, interactive information and discussion evenings for parents |
| Foka et al25 2021 | 7–12 years | Greece | n=72 | Trained facilitators (volunteers) | Resilience-building programme with group-focused interactive educational activities |
| Goodman et al18 2022 | 6 months | USA | n=1243 | Trained nurses and staff | A home visit of 2 hours duration is implemented with the aim to enhance the health and overall well-being of families having infants and young children |
| Grace et al16 2019 | 15 months | Australia | n=363 | Trained volunteers | Weekly 2-hour home visits by trained volunteers, targeting social isolation, community connectedness and parenting skills |
| Gross et al17 2009 | 2–4 years | USA | n=292 | Trained volunteers | 11 weekly video scenarios and group discussions for parental behaviour enhancement |
| Guerrero et al20 2021 | 0–12 years old | USA | n=1749 | Trained staff (volunteers) | Group-based educational sessions on stress, depression and parenting |
| Holtrop and Holcomb21 2018 | 3.18 years old (SD=1.66) | USA | n=12 | Marriage and family therapist | Parent management training encourages parenting strategies through educational sessions, practice tasks, and satisfaction surveys |
| Melley et al22 2010 | 2 weeks–3 years old | USA | n=87 | Trained nurses and parents | Enhanced children’s resilience in homelessness through interactive therapy sessions |
| Ristkari et al23 2019 | 4 years old | Finland | n=463 | Professionals in healthcare and social services | Web-based parent training for basic and practical positive parenting skills, with follow-up telephone coaching to improve behaviour |
| Rowe et al24 2012 | 0–4 years old | Australia | n=116 | Early childhood professionals and trained nurses | Tweddle Child & Family Health Service (TCFHS) and Day Stay Program (DSP) offer individual, and group level educational sessions for positive parenting skills, focusing on sleep, feeding and establishing routines |
| Dugravier et al19 2013 | prenatal to 24 months old | France | n=440 | Phycologists | Psychologists’ home visits for mental wellness, attachment and depression management over 14 sessions |
| Spijkers et al59 2010 | 9–11 years | Netherland | n=160 | Trained nurses | Multilevel parenting programme promoting children’s social, emotional, and behavioural development through consultations, educational sessions, home visits and parent–child interactions. |
| Yousey et al27 2007 | 18 months–6 years old | USA | n=56 | Trained nurses | Improving homeless children’s nutrition by educating parents and shelter food providers through sessions developed by dietitians |