Table 3

Related factors for myopia

VariablesModel 1 for totalModel 2 for boysModel 3 for girls
AOR (95% CI)P valueAOR (95% CI)P valueAOR (95% CI)P value
Child characteristics
 Gender (girl/boy (ref.))1.21 (0.93 to 1.57)0.151
 Age (8 years/7 years (ref.))1.10 (0.81 to 1.50)0.5330.96 (0.62 to 1.47)0.8461.27 (0.81 to 2.00)0.305
 Age (9 years/7 years (ref.))1.84 (1.18 to 2.85)0.0071.59 (0.84 to 3.00)0.1562.18 (1.15 to 4.13)0.017
 BMI (overweight/normal (ref.))1.24 (0.84 to 1.82)0.2841.49 (0.84 to 2.66)0.1731.13 (0.66 to 1.92)0.667
 BMI (obese/normal (ref.))1.25 (0.90 to 1.72)0.1771.35 (0.87 to 2.09)0.1811.04 (0.63 to 1.70)0.883
 Preterm birth (yes/no (ref.))0.97 (0.59 to 1.62)0.9191.27 (0.62 to 2.58)0.5130.78 (0.37 to 1.64)0.504
Parental characteristics
 Family education level (college or more/high school or less (ref.))0.86 (0.55 to 1.34)0.4960.75 (0.41 to 1.37)0.3481.10 (0.56 to 2.16)0.782
 Monthly household income (yuan)(≥10 001/<10 001 (ref.))0.66 (0.48 to 0.89)0.0080.68 (0.43 to 1.07)0.0930.59 (0.38 to 0.92)0.020
 Parental myopia (one myopia/none (ref.))2.92 (1.93 to 4.42)<0.0013.33 (1.85 to 5.98)<0.0012.42 (1.33 to 4.38)0.004
 Parental myopia (both myopia/none (ref.))5.66 (3.71 to 8.63)<0.0016.05 (3.32 to 11.03)<0.0015.04 (2.75 to 9.26)<0.001
Time for outdoor activity and near screen (hours per day)
 Outdoor activity (≥2.0/<2.0 (ref.))0.97 (0.74 to 1.28)0.8430.91 (0.62 to 1.35)0.6531.00 (0.67 to 1.49)0.994
 Near screen (≥1.0/<1.0 (ref.))1.16 (0.87 to 1.54)0.3121.33 (0.89 to 1.99)0.1701.01 (0.67 to 1.53)0.957
Eye habits
 Reading books too close (yes/no (ref.))1.58 (1.20 to 2.08)0.0011.08 (0.73 to 1.58)0.7112.45 (1.62 to 3.69)<0.001
 Watching a screen too close (yes/no (ref.))1.24 (0.95 to 1.62)0.1211.67 (1.13 to 2.47)0.0100.92 (0.62 to 1.36)0.668
 Writing with a tilted head (yes/no (ref.))1.37 (1.05 to 1.77)0.0191.69 (1.16 to 2.47)0.0061.16 (0.80 to 1.69)0.424
 Reading while lying down (yes/no (ref.))0.68 (0.48 to 0.98)0.0370.68 (0.42 to 1.12)0.1330.65 (0.38 to 1.10)0.109
Sleep status
 Sleep patterns (LE/EE (ref.))1.33 (0.85 to 2.10)0.2151.23 (0.61 to 2.49)0.5641.45 (0.78 to 2.68)0.241
 Sleep patterns (EL/EE (ref.))1.52 (1.02 to 2.26)0.0391.74 (0.98 to 3.12)0.0601.47 (0.83 to 2.58)0.185
 Sleep patterns (LL/EE (ref.))1.40 (0.97 to 2.02)0.0751.92 (1.11 to 3.33)0.0201.08 (0.65 to 1.80)0.777
 Sleep duration (hours) (≥9.0/<9.0 (ref.))1.30 (0.91 to 1.85)0.1471.19 (0.72 to 1.98)0.5031.46 (0.88 to 2.41)0.141
  • Model 1 included child characteristics, parental characteristics, outdoor activity time, near screen (ie, mobiles, tablets, televisions and computers) time, eye habits and sleep status. Model 2 for boys and model 3 for girls include all variables in model 1 except gender.

  • Bold font data indicate p<0.05.

  • AOR, adjusted OR; BMI, body mass index; EE, early to bed early to rise; EL, early to bed late to rise; LE, late to bed early to rise; LL, late to bed late to rise.