Associations between intending to self-isolate and sociodemographic characteristics and motivational message, by sample
| Participant characteristics | Level | General population | Grindr | ||
| B (95% CI) | P value | B (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Gender | Male (including transman) | Ref | – | – | – |
| Female (including transwoman) | 0.15 (0.01 to 0.30) | 0.03 | – | – | |
| Sexual orientation | Straight or heterosexual | Ref | – | – | – |
| Gay, lesbian, bisexual or queer | 0.06 (−0.21 to 0.33) | 0.67 | – | – | |
| Age | Range 18–98 years | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.06 | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.02) | 0.66 |
| Quadratic term (age–mean)2 | 0.0002 (−0.0001 to 0.0005) | 0.17 | 0.001 (0.000 to 0.002) | 0.02 | |
| Region | Midlands (East and West) | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| South (East, West, East of England) | 0.19 (−0.39 to 0.01) | 0.07 | 0.02 (−0.51 to 0.55) | 0.95 | |
| North (East, West, Yorkshire and the Humber) | 0.07 (−0.28 to 0.13) | 0.49 | 0.06 (−0.53 to 0.64) | 0.85 | |
| London | 0.11 (−0.39 to 0.16) | 0.42 | 0.01 (−0.59 to 0.57) | 0.98 | |
| Devolved nations (Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) | 0.04 (−0.30 to 0.22) | 0.78 | 0.48 (−0.20 to 1.16) | 0.17 | |
| Dependent child in household | No | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Yes | 0.15 (−0.32 to 0.03) | 0.10 | 0.42 (−1.13 to 0.29) | 0.25 | |
| Employment status | Not working | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Working | 0.09 (−0.12 to 0.31) | 0.39 | 0.13 (−0.61 to 0.34) | 0.58 | |
| Frontline health or social care worker | No | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Yes | 0.08 (−0.14 to 0.30) | 0.47 | 0.68 (0.24 to 1.13) | 0.003 | |
| Need to leave home for work | Do not need to leave home for work | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Need to leave home for work | 0.26 (−0.45 to −0.07) | 0.007 | 0.14 (−0.22 to 0.51) | 0.44 | |
| Education | GCSE/vocational/A-level/no formal qualifications | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Degree or higher (Bachelors, Masters, PhD) | 0.02 (−0.13 to 0.18) | 0.77 | 0.16 (−0.48 to 0.16) | 0.31 | |
| Ethnicity | White British | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| White other | 0.23 (−0.59 to 0.13) | 0.21 | 0.33 (−0.75 to 0.09) | 0.12 | |
| Black, Asian, other minoritised ethnicity | 0.11 (−0.15 to 0.37) | 0.40 | 0.03 (−0.52 to 0.46) | 0.91 | |
| Marital status | Not partnered | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Partnered | 0.15 (−0.04 to 0.34) | 0.12 | 0.13 (−0.24 to 0.49) | 0.50 | |
| Live alone | Live with someone else | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Live alone | 0.06 (−0.15 to 0.28) | 0.56 | 0.07 (−0.40 to 0.26) | 0.69 | |
| Own chronic illness | None | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Present | 0.21 (0.05 to 0.38) | 0.009 | 0.10 (−0.24 to 0.44) | 0.56 | |
| Ever taken PrEP for HIV | No | – | – | Ref | – |
| Yes | – | – | 0.11 (−0.43 to 0.22) | 0.51 | |
| Vaccinated for smallpox in 2022 | Not vaccinated | – | – | Ref | – |
| Vaccinated | – | – | 0.03 (−0.32 to 0.39) | 0.86 | |
| Index of Multiple Deprivation | Deciles (1st=most deprived, 10th=least deprived) | 0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) | 0.48 | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.08) | 0.66 |
| Socioeconomic grade | ABC1 | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| C2DE | 0.09 (−0.24 to 0.06) | 0.24 | 0.03 (−0.46 to 0.39) | 0.88 | |
| Financial hardship | 4 (lowest hardship) to 13 (most hardship) | 0.08 (−0.12 to −0.05) | <0.001* | 0.02 (−0.11 to 0.07) | 0.70 |
| Total no of sexual partners (male and female) in last 3 weeks | 0 | Ref | – | – | – |
| 1 | 0.04 (−0.23 to 0.14) | 0.65 | – | – | |
| 2–4 | 0.25 (−0.59 to 0.10) | 0.16 | – | – | |
| 5 or more | 0.09 (−0.69 to 0.52) | 0.77 | – | – | |
| Prefer not to say | 0.22 (−0.42 to −0.02) | 0.03 | – | – | |
| No of male sexual partners in last 3 weeks | 0 | – | – | Ref | – |
| 1 | – | – | 0.50 (−0.92 to −0.08) | 0.02 | |
| 2–4 | – | – | 0.09 (−0.47 to 0.30) | 0.65 | |
| 5–9 | – | – | 0.48 (−1.00 to 0.03) | 0.07 | |
| 10 or more | – | – | 0.32 (−0.96 to 0.33) | 0.34 | |
| Prefer not to say | – | – | 0.83 (0.12 to 1.53) | 0.02 | |
| Motivational message | Perceived risk of illness and necessity and efficacy of the response | 0.06 (−0.25 to 0.12) | 0.50 | – | – |
| Perceived risk of illness and benefits of the response | 0.09 (−0.28 to 0.09) | 0.33 | – | – | |
| Perceived risk of illness and low perceived costs of response | 0.19 (−0.38 to 0.00) | 0.05 | – | – | |
| Control | Ref | – | – | – | |
| Motivational message | All motivational components | – | – | 0.10 (−0.37 to 0.18) | 0.48 |
| Control | – | – | Ref | – | |
A higher score indicates greater intention to self-isolate. Variables were entered into the linear regression model in blocks (block 1: sociodemographic variables and motivational message, block 2: psychological factors, block 3: isolation-specific beliefs). Results for block 3, using pooled estimates are reported.
*p≤0.001.
GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis.