Table 1

Characteristics of included studies

Study	Setting	Study design	Sample size	Age, years	Multimorbidity	Follow-up (months)	Outcome	Intervention
Havlir et al Uganda and Kenya43	Primary and community-based care	Cluster RCT	1441 patients with hypertension and HIV	≥30	Hypertension and HIV	36	BP control	Multidisease testing; integrated care for HIV and hypertension; structured follow-up, flexible hours of operation and reduced wait time at clinics; and patient incentives.
Jackson and Ukwe Nigeria44	Primary care	RCT	182	18–69	Hypertension and HIV	12	SBP and medication adherence	Pharmaceutical care with structured education and counselling by a pharmacist after seeing a physician on their clinical visit. Education focused on self-monitoring of BP, lifestyle modification, reviewing the date of the next appointment and prescription.
Jackson and Ukwe Nigeria45	Primary care	RCT	182	18–69	Hypertension and HIV	12	Health-related quality of life	Structured education and counselling on general self-care, medicines use storage and lifestyle modifications.
Myers et al South Africa46	Primary care	Cluster RCT	1174	≥18	HIV, type 2 diabetes, depression and substance use disorder	12	Depression scores	Psychological interventions comprising motivational interviewing and problem-solving therapy delivered by a trained facility-based community health worker.
Okube et al Kenya47	Community-based care	RCT	294	18–64	Metabolic syndrome	12	BP and blood sugar control	Community-based health education on lifestyle modification and face-to-face delivery of verbal and written individualised health recommendations on risk factors for CVDs.
Owolabi et al Nigeria48	Primary care	RCT	158	≥18	Hypertension and stroke	12	SBP	A culturally appropriate, multipronged intervention comprising patient global risk factor control report card, personalised phone text-messaging and educational video.
Petersen et al South Africa49	Primary care	Cluster RCT	925	≥18	Hypertension and depression	12	Depression scores	Supplementary training of primary nurses and doctors on mental health and clinical communication skills. Collaborative care model for patients with hypertension and comorbid depressive symptoms including doctors, nurses, clinical psychologists and lay counsellors.
Rabkin et al Eswatini50	Primary care	RCT	236	≥40	HIV, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia	6	SBP and HbA1c	CVD risk factors screening and structured referrals among patients living with HIV.
Roos et al South Africa51	Primary care	RCT	84	20–65	HIV and metabolic diseases	12	SBP and fasting blood sugar	Pedometer and a physical activity diary with education materials and self-monitoring documents. Structured regular clinical sessions for review of physical activity diary and risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. Monthly SMS text motivational messages.
Sarfo et al (2018) Ghana52	Primary care	Cluster RCT	55	≥18	Hypertension and stroke	9	BP control and medication adherence	Bluetoothed BP device and smartphone for self-monitoring and reporting BP measurements and medication intake. Tailored motivational text messages delivered based on the levels of adherence to the medication intake protocol.
Thuita et al Kenya53	Primary care	RCT	133	20–79	Metabolic syndrome	6	SBP and HbA1c	Integrated care with nutrition education and peer-to-peer support.

The control group received standard/usual care.
BP, blood pressure; CVDs, cardiovascular diseases ; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin ; RCTs, randomised controlled trials; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SMS, short messaging service.