Preintervention and postintervention demographic and physiological characteristics of patients
| Pre-implementation (n=355) | |||||
| Variable | Category | Overall (N=355) | Control (N=202) | Intervention (N=153) | P value |
| Median (IQR) patient age in years | 30 (25–37) | 30 (25–39) | 30 (25–36) | 0.34* | |
| Patient sex | Female | 24% (84) | 22% (44) | 26% (40) | 0.34 |
| Male | 76% (271) | 78% (158) | 74% (113) | ||
| Primary injury mechanism | Blunt | 47% (166) | 48% (96) | 46% (70) | 0.74 |
| Penetrating | 53% (189) | 52% (106) | 54% (83) | ||
| % (n) with scene time <10 min | 16% (58) | 19% (39) | 12% (19) | 0.08 | |
| % (n) with oxygen given or documentation why not | 32% (115) | 36% (72) | 28% (43) | 0.13 | |
| % (n) with large bore catheter placed when provider is qualified to do so (n=236) | 39% (92) | 46% (55) | 32% (37) | 0.03 | |
| % (n) with bleeding control method documented in cases where external bleeding is present (n=252) | 64% (161) | 63% (86) | 65% (75) | 0.82 | |
| % (n) with trauma centre is destination | 32% (113) | 26% (52) | 40% (61) | 0.005 | |
| Median (IQR) initial heart rate (bpm) | 111 (102–118) | 112 (104–118) | 110 (98–119) | 0.17* | |
| Median (IQR) initial SBP (mm Hg) | 112 (90–130) | 114 (94–130) | 110 (90–129) | 0.12* | |
| Median (IQR) initial Shock Index x Age | 29.1 (23.8–37.3) | 29.3 (24.0–38.8) | 28.8 (23.8–35.7) | 0.23* | |
| Shock stage defined by initial Shock Index x Age | Shock (≥36) | 28% (101) | 32% (64) | 24% (37) | 0.12 |
| Normal (<36) | 72% (254) | 68% (138) | 76% (116) | ||
| % (n) with deteriorating Shock Index x Age | 31% (109) | 33% (66) | 28% (43) | 0.36 | |
| % (n) in shock with deteriorating Shock Index x Age | 15% (15) | 14% (9) | 16% (6) | 0.77 | |
| Median (IQR) change in Shock Index x Age from initial to final | −1.4 (−5.7 to 0.4) | −1.2 (−4.9 to 0.4) | −1.9 (−6.9 to 0.4) | 0.36* | |
| Median (IQR) minutes from scene arrival to scene departure | 23 (13–35) | 24 (12–36) | 22 (14–32) | 0.93* | |
| Post implementation (n=415) | |||||
| Variable | Category | Overall (N=415) | Control (N=239) | Intervention (N=176) | P value |
| Median (IQR) patient age in years | 30 (24–36) | 30 (24–36) | 30 (25–37) | 0.42* | |
| Patient sex | Female | 21% (85) | 22% (53) | 18% (32) | 0.35 |
| Male | 79% (326) | 78% (185) | 82% (141) | ||
| Primary injury mechanism | Blunt | 46% (191) | 46% (109) | 47% (82) | 0.84 |
| Penetrating | 54% (224) | 54% (130) | 53% (94) | ||
| % (n) with scene time <10 min | 25% (104) | 29% (69) | 20% (35) | 0.04 | |
| % (n) with oxygen given or documentation why not | 36% (148) | 40% (95) | 30% (53) | 0.04 | |
| % (n) with large bore catheter placed when provider is qualified to do so (n=275) | 38% (104) | 33% (41) | 42% (63) | 0.10 | |
| % (n) with bleeding control method documented in cases where external bleeding is present (n=263) | 69% (182) | 73% (102) | 65% (80) | 0.17 | |
| % (n) with trauma centre is destination | 25% (105) | 14% (34) | 40% (71) | <0.0001 | |
| Median (IQR) initial heart rate (bpm) | 111 (104–119) | 111 (106–120) | 110 (97–119) | 0.06* | |
| Median (IQR) initial SBP (mm Hg) | 114 (91–130) | 115 (100–130) | 110 (90–129) | 0.10* | |
| Median (IQR) initial Shock Index x Age | 28.9 (23.1–36.8) | 28.7 (23.0–37.3) | 28.9 (23.2–36.0) | 0.92* | |
| Shock stage defined by initial Shock Index x Age | Shock (≥36) | 27% (110) | 28% (66) | 25% (44) | 0.55 |
| Normal (<36) | 73% (305) | 72% (173) | 75% (132) | ||
| % (n) with deteriorating Shock Index x Age | 37% (153) | 35% (84) | 39% (69) | 0.40 | |
| % (n) in shock with deteriorating Shock Index x Age | 17% (19) | 15% (10) | 20% (9) | 0.47 | |
| Median (IQR) change in Shock Index x Age from initial to final | −0.9 (−4.2 to 1.3) | −0.9 (−3.2 to 0.9) | −1.1 (−5.8 to 1.9) | 0.61* | |
| Median (IQR) minutes from scene arrival to scene departure | 18 (9–27) | 17 (7–28) | 19 (10–26) | 0.25* | |
*Wilcoxon test.
bpm, beats per minute; SBP, systolic blood pressure.