Association between single toxicants and rheumatoid arthritis
| Toxicants | Adjustment 1 | Adjustment 2 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| PAHs* | ||||
| 1-hydroxynaphthalene | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.4 (0.80 to 2.3) | 0.25 | 1.3 (0.76 to 2.3) | 0.33 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.8 (1.1 to 2.9) | 0.017 | 1.7 (1.02 to 2.8) | 0.040 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 2.2 (1.4 to 3.5) | <0.001 | 1.8 (1.1 to 3.1) | 0.020 |
| 2-hydroxynaphthalene | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.6 (1.02 to 2.7) | 0.043 | 1.4 (0.90 to 2.3) | 0.13 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.7 (1.08 to 2.8) | 0.024 | 1.3 (0.80 to 2.2) | 0.27 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 2.2 (1.4 to 3.4) | <0.001 | 1.4 (0.86 to 2.4) | 0.16 |
| 3-hydroxyfluorene | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.2) | 0.006 | 1.5 (1.04 to 2.1) | 0.031 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.3 (0.89 to 1.9) | 0.17 | 1.09 (0.71 to 1.7) | 0.69 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 2.2 (1.5 to 3.2) | <0.001 | 1.4 (0.86 to 2.4) | 0.16 |
| 2-hydroxyfluorene | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3) | 0.013 | 1.5 (1.00 to 2.2) | 0.050 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.7) | 0.005 | 1.5 (0.94 to 2.3) | 0.090 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 2.3 (1.5 to 3.5) | <0.001 | 1.5 (0.87 to 2.6) | 0.14 |
| 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.8) | 0.006 | 1.7 (1.09 to 2.7) | 0.021 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.7) | 0.017 | 1.5 (0.92 to 2.3) | 0.11 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.8 (1.2 to 3.0) | 0.011 | 1.5 (0.88 to 2.5) | 0.14 |
| 1-hydroxypyrene | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.3 (0.92 to 1.8) | 0.13 | 1.2 (0.87 to 1.7) | 0.23 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.1 (0.79 to 1.5) | 0.56 | 0.90 (0.61 to 1.3) | 0.60 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.8 (1.3 to 2.6) | 0.001 | 1.2 (0.77 to 1.9) | 0.41 |
| PHTHTEs† | ||||
| Mono(carboxynonyl) phthalate | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 0.67 (0.42 to 1.07) | 0.096 | 0.64 (0.38 to 1.09) | 0.098 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.04 (0.73 to 1.5) | 0.84 | 1.01 (0.67 to 1.5) | 0.96 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.10 (0.72 to 1.7) | 0.66 | 1.02 (0.61 to 1.7) | 0.95 |
| Mono(carboxyoctyl) phthalate | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 0.97 (0.64 to 1.5) | 0.89 | 0.94 (0.60 to 1.5) | 0.78 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.06 (0.73 to 1.5) | 0.76 | 0.99 (0.67 to 1.5) | 0.96 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.2 (0.84 to 1.7) | 0.32 | 1.1 (0.78 to 1.6) | 0.54 |
| Mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.07 (0.68 to 1.7) | 0.77 | 0.99 (0.63 to 1.6) | 0.98 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.2 (0.86 to 1.8) | 0.25 | 1.1 (0.73 to 1.8) | 0.55 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.3 (0.86 to 1.9) | 0.22 | 1.09 (0.68 to 1.8) | 0.71 |
| Mono-n-butyl phthalate | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.3 (0.89 to 2.0) | 0.15 | 1.3 (0.81 to 2.0) | 0.30 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.2 (0.82 to 1.7) | 0.36 | 1.09 (0.67 to 1.8) | 0.73 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.4 (0.97 to 2.0) | 0.074 | 1.2 (0.71 to 2.0) | 0.51 |
| Mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 0.79 (0.51 to 1.2) | 0.31 | 0.73 (0.46 to 1.2) | 0.17 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 0.87 (0.57 to 1.3) | 0.50 | 0.78 (0.50 to 1.2) | 0.26 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.04 (0.75 to 1.4) | 0.80 | 0.88 (0.61 to 1.3) | 0.51 |
| Mono-ethyl phthalate | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.04 (0.69 to 1.6) | 0.85 | 0.94 (0.62 to 1.4) | 0.76 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.08 (0.70 to 1.7) | 0.72 | 0.94 (0.60 to 1.5) | 0.78 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.1 (0.75 to 1.6) | 0.59 | 0.88 (0.58 to 1.3) | 0.55 |
| Mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.07 (0.69 to 1.6) | 0.77 | 1.03 (0.64 to 1.6) | 0.91 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.5 (1.01 to 2.2) | 0.045 | 1.4 (0.87 to 2.2) | 0.170 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.2 (0.82 to 1.9) | 0.31 | 1.09 (0.66 to 1.8) | 0.74 |
| Mono-isobutyl phthalate | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.2) | 0.002 | 1.5 (1.05 to 2.1) | 0.026 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.2 (0.84 to 1.7) | 0.320 | 1.03 (0.69 to 1.5) | 0.88 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.3 (0.87 to 1.9) | 0.200 | 1.01 (0.59 to 1.7) | 0.98 |
| Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.06 (0.69 to 1.6) | 0.80 | 1.00 (0.64 to 1.6) | 0.99 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.3 (0.85 to 1.9) | 0.25 | 1.2 (0.73 to 1.8) | 0.52 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.3 (0.86 to 1.9) | 0.23 | 1.07 (0.69 to 1.7) | 0.75 |
| Mono-benzyl phthalate | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.6 (1.01 to 2.5) | 0.043 | 1.5 (0.92 to 2.4) | 0.11 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.3 (0.93 to 1.9) | 0.120 | 1.09 (0.72 to 1.7) | 0.67 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.9) | 0.002 | 1.5 (0.87 to 2.6) | 0.140 |
| VOCs‡ | ||||
| Toluene | ||||
| Quartile 2 vs 1 | 1.03 (0.72 to 1.5) | 0.89 | 1.1 (0.58 to 2.1) | 0.72 |
| Quartile 3 vs 1 | 1.10 (0.76 to 1.6) | 0.62 | 1.09 (0.68 to 1.7) | 0.7 |
| Quartile 4 vs 1 | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.5) | 0.009 | 1.09 (0.69 to 1.7) | 0.7 |
Toxicant subsets and corresponding subsample weights were used.
Adjustment 1: adjusted for age and sex (male vs female).
Adjustment 2: adjusted for age, sex (male vs female), body mass index, urine creatinine, smoking (never vs past vs current), race (non-Hispanic white vs non-Hispanic black vs Mexican-American vs other), education (high school or less vs more than high school), family poverty income ratio, any vigorous or moderate activity (yes vs no) and dietary fibre.
All models were fitted on each of the five imputed datasets and parameter estimates were combined using SAS MIANALYZE.
Bold indicates the significant with p<0.05.
*PAH subset (n=7090) and corresponding subsample weights used.
†PHT subset (n=7024) and corresponding subsample weights used.
‡VOC subset (n=7129) and corresponding subsample weights used.
PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PHTHTEs, phthalates and plasticisers metabolites; VOCs, volatile organic compounds.