Effect size of digital health, biomarker feedback and nurse or midwife-led counselling interventions to assist pregnant smokers achieve point prevalence and continuous abstinence in late pregnancy and at postpartum
| Intervention | Effect size | |||||
| Late pregnancy | Postpartum | |||||
| RR* | 95% CI† | I2‡ (%) | RR | 95% CI | I2 (%) | |
| Point prevalence abstinence | ||||||
| Digital health | 1.37 | 0.90 to 2.07 | 47 | 1.46§ | 1.05 to 2.02 | 11 |
| Biomarker feedback | 1.32 | 0.75 to 2.32 | 64 | No estimate | No estimate | No estimate |
| Nurse or midwife-led counselling | 1.54§ | 1.16 to 2.06 | 61 | 1.79§ | 1.14 to 2.83 | 40 |
| Continuous abstinence | ||||||
| Digital health | 1.98§ | 1.08 to 3.64 | 44 | No estimate | No estimate | No estimate |
| Biomarker feedback | No estimate | No estimate | No estimate | 1.05 | 0.84 to 1.30 | 74 |
| Nurse of midwife-led counselling | 2.06 | 0.90–4.71 | 0 | 1.43 | 0.84 to 2.45 | 55 |
*Relative risk.
†CI.
‡Statistical heterogeneity.
§Statistically significant pooled estimates are bolded.