Table 3

Ordinary least square regression coefficients of mother’s region of origin on child’s birth weight (large cohorts)

DV: birth weight	ELFE (FR)			Raine Study (AU)			BiB (UK)
	M1	M2	M3	M1	M2	M3	M1	M2	M3
	Child controls	SES	Smoked	Child controls	SES	Smoked	Child controls	SES	Smoked
Mother’s region of origin
Host country-born (ref.)
Western EU/EEA	24.7	21	20.8	37.2	30.3	25.3	45.1	42.9	30.3
Eastern EU	97.9	94.6	85.2	38.1	37.5	29.9	44.1	34.6	29.5
Other Europe and Central Asia	5.7	13.8	1				−10.2	6.5	−13.3
East Asia and Pacific	145.3**	142.3**	131.8**	13.8	10.1	−9	115.3	96.1	80.2
South Asia	211.9	211.1	244.7	−51.2	−54.2	−87.4	−74.1***	−69.4***	−94.4***
Middle East and North Africa	60.4**	86.6***	61.2**	40.2	40.8	36.5	−35.3	−45	−60.5
Sub-Saharan Africa	−38.5	−9.8	−40.1	−35.8	−46.9	−67.9	−53.8	−58.1	−82.1
Latin America and Caribbean	−7.1	8.7	−14.5	165.7	165.7	126.6
North America	−67.6	−76.6	−56.7	374.4**	373.1**	354.9**	108.7	86.4	70.2
Child controls
Female	−149.5***	−149.2***	−150.3***	−128.2***	−128.3***	−122.4***	−143.1***	−141.4***	−141.9***
Plural birth†	−372.7***	−374.2***	−378.6***	0	0	0	−319.7***	−313.2***	−318.7***
Mother’s parity (birth order)	50.3***	55.3***	54.2***	64.7***	65.1***	64***	52.8***	59.9***	57***
Gestational age	23.7***	23.6***	23.5***	20.1***	20.2***	20.2***	25.4***	25.5***	25.3***
Mother controls
Height	9.1***	8.5***	8.8***	10.6***	10.3***	10.6***	11.9***	11.7***	11.9***
Pre-pregnancy weight	4.7***	5***	4.9***	5.7***	5.8***	5.6***	5.6***	5.6***	5.6***
SES
Education‡
High (ref)
Medium		−11.8	−3.2		12.6	13.7		0.1	2.2
Low		−34.4	−15.1		−6.5	13.7		−17.4	−13.6
Household income quintiles§
1st quintile (ref.)
2nd quintile		51.2***	43.8***		−4.8	7.6		2.4	−6.1
3rd quintile		49.6***	32.2*		−35.3	−15.1		−44.4	−33.5
4th quintile		55.1***	34.4*		−37.1	2.3		−43.7*	−35.7
5th quintile		58.4***	33.9*					−63.5**	−32.2
Mother smoked (pregnancy)			−119.8***			−157.5***			−108.9***
Constant	−5043***	−4992***	−4965***	−4264***	−4212***	−4220***	−6050***	−5990***	−5984***
N	12 419	12 419	12 419	2310	2310	2310	4141	4141	4141
R²	0.358	0.36	0.369	0.38	0.38	0.4	0.485	0.488	0.492

DV: birth weight	ABCD (NL)			Gen R (NL)
	M1	M2	M3	M1	M2	M3
	Child controls	SES	Smoked	Child controls	SES	Smoked
Mother’s region of origin
Host country-born (ref.)
Western EU/EEA	7.8	10.5	0.8	32.3	40.5	34.3
Eastern EU	−99.4	−83.2	−90.1	68.3	99.1	78.7
Other Europe and Central Asia	28.8	67.7	68.5	11.5	58.5	52.2
East Asia and Pacific	121.3*	134.5*	122.7*	124**	143.3**	127.5**
South Asia	−174.8**	−144.3*	−170.9**	11.4	35.8	9.4
Middle East and North Africa	−6.2	25.7	1.7	20.5	63.3	38.8
Sub-Saharan Africa	−54.6	−19.9	−41.1	−115.8**	−68.5	−86.9*
Latin America and Caribbean	−89.7**	−63*	−73.3*	−71.5**	−37.1	−49.8*
North America	−148.5	−143.1	−151	−62.5	−64.6	−74.8
Child controls
Female	−121.7***	−123.4***	−124***	−107.8***	−108.2***	−109.1***
Plural birth†	0	0	0	−404.5***	−409***	−409.4***
Mother’s parity (birth order)	80.3***	83.5***	82.3***	107.1***	110.9***	108.7***
Gestational age	25.7***	25.5***	25.5***	26.1***	25.9***	25.9***
Mother controls
Height	10.9***	9.7***	9.7***	11.4***	10.2***	10.2***
Pre-pregnancy weight	4.7***	5.3***	5.2***	4.6	5***	4.9***
SES
Education‡
High (ref)
Medium		−66.3***	−54.7***		−1.9	−0.1
Low		−78.3***	−56*		−49.7	−43.6
Household income quintiles§
1st quintile (ref.)
2nd quintile		0.5	3.9		23.9	18
3rd quintile		−10.9	−0.5		57.2**	44.8*
4th quintile		−37.9	−23.5		93.6**	73.4*
5th quintile					100.9**	79.6*
Mother smoked (pregnancy)			−140.1***			−77.3***
Constant	−5827**	−5598***	−5571***	−6189***	−6004***	−5962***
N	4072	4072	4072	5123	5123	5123
R²	0.398	0.402	0.408	0.456	0.461	0.465

M1: basic child and mother’s controls at birth. M2: M1 + socioeconomic status (SES) variables. M3: M2 + mother’s smoking during pregnancy.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†The ABCD and the Raine Study cohorts only included single births in their sample.
‡Level of education based on the highest ongoing or completed education when the child was 0 years old (between >−1 year and <1 year). If more than one education level is reported within the defined time frame, we used the highest recorded education level. Classification according to International Standard Classification of Education 97/2011 (ISCED-97/2011). High: short cycle tertiary, bachelor, masters, doctoral or equivalent (ISCED-2011: 5-8, ISCED-97: 5-6). Medium: upper secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary (ISCED-2011: 3-4, ISCED-97: 3-4). Low: no education; early childhood; pre-primary; primary; lower secondary or second stage of basic education (ISCED-2011: 0-2, ISCED-97: 0-2).
§European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions income quintiles for all cohorts except for Raine (AU) and ABCD (NL) that measured household income in quartiles.
ABCD, Amsterdam Born Children and their Development; AU, Australia; BiB, Born in Bradford; EEA, European Economic Area; ELFE, Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l’Enfance; EU, European Union; Gen R, Generation R.