Table 3

Country specific bivariate estimation on current use of e-cigarettes, Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2011–2017

Predictors	African region				Eastern Mediterranean		European region								Regions of the Americas				South-East Asia region				Western Pacific region
	Ethiopia		Senegal		Qatar		Greece		Kazakhstan		Russian Federation		Ukraine		Costa Rica		Mexico		Indonesia		India		Malaysia		Philippines		Vietnam
	%	χ²	%	χ²	%	χ²	%	χ²	%	χ²	%	χ²	%	χ²	%	χ²	%	χ²	%	χ²	%	χ²	%	χ²	%	χ²	%	χ²
Gender
Male	1.79	1.1	0.89	0.04	2.51	12.51***	1.81	0.39	3.9	8.05**	6.29	80.19***	4.31	7.26***	3.1	4.68**	2.62	9.49***	3.24	6.94***	0.81	5.93**	5.53	8.20***	3.7	25.79***	1.38	1.49
Female	1.34		0.46		0.48		2.54		2.09		2.55		2.18		2.18		0.8		0		0.31		0		0.64		0.77
Age
15–24	2.25	0.86	1.89	3.29	0.93	4.07	0	12.39***	3.15	4.92	10.51	180.44***	7.6	63.71***	4.87	16.51***	3.57	24.53***	1.31	1.54	0.51	6.59*	3.94	6.8	1.84	1.53	0.66	2.2
25–44	1.03		0.34		2.01		2.99		3.87		5.2		3.86		2.16		1.28		2.47		0.73		2.27		2.8		1.26
45–64	3.03		0		2.55		2.79		1.99		1.91		1.44		1.89		0.66		4.56		0.61		0		2.24		1.75
Above 64	0		0		0		1.25		0.27		0.54		1.04		0.45		0.25		0		1.51		0		2.42		0
Residence
Urban	2.37	0.01	0.77	0.99	NA	NA	2.14	0.06	3.65	4.58**	4.86	38.16***	3.36	3.41	2.95	6.89***	1.85	1.76	2.75	0.35	0.93	0.73	4.6	4.24**	3.07	6.99***	0.57	4.04**
Rural	0.89		0.52		NA		2.22		2.02		2.8		3.03		1.58		1.35		1.87		0.28		1.4		1.15		1.79
Education
No formal education	2.05	0.19	0.2	0.22	5.1	0.72	2.43	21.95***	2.13	2.85	0	4.37***	0	1.38	1.41	1.8	2.04	6.26	0	1.88	1.09	1.43	6.44	3.76	0	1.29	0	3.04
Completed primary	1.69		1.12		1.5		0.53		2.32		3.96		0.37		2.07		0.72		4.16		0.19		4.36		0		1.63
Completed secondary	1.55		0		1.64		1.56		2.81		4.24		3.07		3.75		2.09		2.12		0.82		4.81		2.3		1.03
Completed college/university	1.24		0.72		1.93		4.47		3.81		4.69		3.88		1.32		1.59		2.85		0.66		1.59		2.15		1.42
Occupation
Non-employed	0.71	1.89	0.37	0.04	0.79	7.59***	1.23	14.58***	2.16	3.87**	3.55	17.07***	2.09	9.40***	2.99	1.85	2.14	0.43	1.6	0.9	0.21	7.09***	0.49	3.42	1.63	5.48**	0	4.78**
Employed	2.02		1.02		2.34		3.29		3.66		4.82		4.18		2.44		1.57		2.87		0.99		5.62		2.79		1.55
Wealth index
Rich	1.59	0.36	0.92	0.91	NA	NA	2.4	5.14**	3.63	3.94	4.82	16.79***	3.6	15.14	2.91	0.33	1.98	3.63	2.27	1.05	0.6	2.52	3.3	0.25	2.91	4.81	1.02	0.09
Middle	0.03		0		NA		NA		1.81		2.49		3.96		2.68		1.98		4.21		0.42		6.57		1.55		1.66
Poor	2.03		0		NA		1.36		2.66		4.18		1.28		2.15		0.49		1.05		1.06		3.07		1.09		1.26
Currently smoke tobacco
No	1.48	11.28***	0.72	2.3	0.37	173.69***	1.31	11.05***	0.83	87.43***	1.77	219.38***	1.91	68.28***	1.69	117.02***	0.93	45.92***	0.43	12.08***	0.36	59.09***	0.38	30.27***	0.59	80.01***	0.14	23.75***
Yes	3.11		0.9		7.62		3.36		8.41		9.33		6.61		8.97		4.38		4.25		2.37		10.42		6.97		3.67
Advertisements in stores
No	1.66	0.16	0.2	5.55**	1.71	1.33	1.68	12.64***	3.02	1.03	4.21	9.37***	2.91	14.41***	2.73	0.77	1.64	1.27	2.32	1.05	0.6	0.6	3.71	0.07	2.29	0.87	1.01	0.48
Yes	0		2.96		2.92		3.23		3.68		7.17		5.35		2.41		2.12		2.59		0.87		4.64		2.51		2.09
Advertisements on internet
No	1.65	0.13	0.77	0.15	1.83	0.03	2.11	2.33	3.17	0.15	3.99	24.26***	3.27	4.53**	2.67	0	1.68	4.99**	2.65	1.49	0.66	0.04	3.85	0.75	2.05	11.94***	1.17	3.26**
Yes	0		0		1.9		3.65		2.55		8.31		3.52		2.89		2.43		0		0.75		5.11		4.83		1.57

***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05.
NA denotes data not available or cases not available.