Conventional pacemaker | Leadless pacemaker | ICD | CRTP | CRTD | ||||||
JROAD-DPC | NRD | JROAD-DPC | NRD | JROAD-DPC | NRD | JROAD-DPC | NRD | JROAD-DPC | NRD | |
In-hospital outcome | N=85 561 | N=2 10 664 | N=3989 | N=7764 | N=10 605 | N=46 113 | N=1995 | N=8781 | N=5189 | N=22 262 |
Overall complication | 2410 (2.8) | 9807 (4.7) | 172 (4.3) | 890 (12) | 211 (2.0) | 2 034 (4.4) | 106 (5.3)* | 467 (5.3)* | 252 (4.9)† | 1 262 (5.7)† |
In-hospital death | 716 (0.8) | 2 039 (1.0) | 57 (1.4) | 437 (5.6) | 59 (0.6) | 425 (0.9) | 22 (1.1)‡ | 109 (1.2)‡ | 61 (1.2)§ | 274 (1.2)§ |
Cardiac tamponade | 251 (0.3) | 3 312 (1.6) | 27 (0.7) | 264 (3.4) | 28 (0.3) | 933 (2.0) | 9 (0.5) | 180 (2.0) | 27 (0.5) | 547 (2.5) |
Pneumothorax or haemothorax | 353 (0.4) | 2 795 (1.3) | 3 (0.1) | 57 (0.7) | 27 (0.3) | 421 (0.9) | 6 (0.3) | 107 (1.2) | 16 (0.3) | 281 (1.3) |
RBC transfusion after CIED implantation | 1364 (1.6) | 2 301 (1.1) | 113 (2.8)¶ | 263 (3.4)¶ | 120 (1.1)** | 375 (0.8)** | 84 (4.2) | 103 (1.2) | 178 (3.4) | 255 (1.2) |
Length of stay | ||||||||||
Length of stay, days | 11 (9–18) | 4 (2–7) | 9 (5–20) | 6 (3–12) | 17 (10–28) | 6 (3–10) | 15 (10–27) | 5 (3–9) | 17 (11–30) | 6 (3–10) |
Length of stay after CIED implantation, days | 8 (7–11) | 1 (1–3) | 5 (3–9) | 2 (1–5) | 8 (7–11) | 1 (1–3) | 9 (7–13) | 2 (1–4) | 9 (8–14) | 2 (1–4) |
Medical cost, US dollars†† | 15 636 (14 050–18 468) | 84 797 (55 044–141 431) | 15 325 (13 324–21 376) | 143 670 (94 698–240 708) | 48 163 (44 276–59 480) | 190 528 (126 961–292 300) | 28 362 (25 698–35 039) | 145 773 (97 680–232 611) | 61 672 (58 373–69 955) | 217 757 (148 002–326 230) |
Readmission | N=84 845 | N=2 08 625 | N=3932 | N=7327 | N=10 546 | N=45 688 | N=1 973 | N=8 672 | N=5 128 | N=21 988 |
30-day all cause readmission | 5224 (6.1) | 24 262 (12) | 299 (7.5) | 1361 (19) | 743 (7.0) | 6922 (15) | 152 (7.6) | 1286 (15) | 415 (8.0) | 3424 (16) |
30-day heart failure readmission | 783 (0.9) | 10 689 (5) | 61 (1.5) | 814 (11) | 116 (1.1) | 5 117 (11) | 56 (2.8) | 965 (11) | 149 (2.9) | 2 915 (13) |
30-day readmission due to CIED-related infection | 533 (0.6) | 2992 (1.4) | 15 (0.4) | 234 (3.2) | 96 (0.2) | 765 (1.7) | 50 (1.0)‡‡ | 144 (1.6)‡‡ | 18 (0.9) | 369 (1.7) |
Categorical data are presented as frequencies and percentages.
P values for comparison between the JROAD-DPC and the NRD were <0.001 otherwise specified below.
*P=0.99.
†P=0.02.
‡P=0.61.
§P=0.74.
¶P=0.11.
**P=0.001.
††For the JROAD-DPC, conversion rate of 110 Japanese yen equivalent to US$1 US dollar was used based on the average exchange rate during the study period.
‡‡P=0.02.
CIED, cardiac implantable electronic devices; CRTD, cardiac resynchronisation therapy with defibrillator; CRTP, cardiac resynchronisation therapy without defibrillator; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; JROAD-DPC, Japanese Registry of All Cardiac and Vascular Diseases-Diagnosis Procedure Combination; NRD, Nationwide Readmission Database; RBC, red blood cell.